20 Sep Write a 5-page assessment in which you describe the theories

Write a 5-page assessment in which you describe the theories of two theorists who focus on motivation and explain how the theories represent an advancement over previous models.

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

Competency 1: Employ critical and creative thinking to evaluate problems, conflicts, and unresolved issues in the study of human motivation and performance.
Assess any problems, conflicts, or unresolved issues in a description of two motivational theories.
Competency 2: Apply knowledge of theory and research in the study of human motivation and performance to inform personal behavior, professional goals, and values, and understand social policy.
Discuss how a motivational theory informs or describes personal behavior.
Competency 3: Communicate effectively in a variety of formats.
Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with expectations for members of professional communities.
Apply proper APA formatting and style.
Competency 5: Explain the important theories, paradigms, research findings and conclusions in human motivation and performance.
Explain what differentiates two motivational theories.
Describe how two motivational theories do or do not address the biological, cognitive, and learned components of motivation.
Explain how two motivational theories represent an improved understanding of motivation and behavior over previous models.
Motivation theorists assume that every behavior has a cause. Theories of motivation can serve as practical guides that give focus to the search for causes. Theories that have the broadest appeal are those that are capable of accounting for the greatest number of facts with the fewest possible concepts. However, attempts to achieve causal explanations of human motivation have often failed or led to oversimplification and eventual loss of a theory’s explanatory power. Theories of the past have left an important body of psychological constructs that have become an integral part of current thinking about motivation. Today, as in the past, motivation theories are primarily concerned with identifying the causes of the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior. However, unlike some of the previous theorists that are discussed in this chapter, current theorists are more eclectic in their search for causes and in examining the potential contributions of biological, learning, and cognitive processes to human motivation (Franken, 2007).

You will be asked, throughout the assessments, to take a multi-perspective (biological, learning, and cognitive) approach and apply it toward the study of motivation. Theories of motivation are “concerned with the origins or causes of action” (Franken, 2007). Early theories tended to provide rather narrow, causal explanations of motivated behavioroften focusing solely on biological, learning, or cognitive origins of action rather than taking an integrative approach. In the process, they either ignored individual differences in motivation or failed to provide adequate explanations for such differences. Within the context of contemporary “evolutionary psychology,” you will take a broader approach on how dispositions lead to action through the joint operation of biological, learning, and cognitive processes. These processes are the “components of motivation” (Franken, 2007).

Reference
Franken, R. E. (2007). Human motivation (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
As you prepare to complete this assessment, you may want to think about other related issues to deepen your understanding or broaden your viewpoint. You are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of your professional community. Note that these questions are for your own development and exploration and do not need to be completed or submitted as part of your assessment.

SHOW LESS
What are the implications of viewing behaviors from multiple perspectives (biological, learned, or cognitive)? How does the perspective affect our view of motivation and behaviors?
Why are some people more motivated than others?
What accounts for individual differences in motivation?
APA Resources
Because this is a psychology course, you need to format this assessment according to APA guidelines. Additional resources about APA can be found in the Research Resources in the left navigation menu of your courseroom. Use the resources to guide your work as needed.

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Available from the VitalSource Bookshelf.
APA Paper Template [DOCX].
Suggested Resources
The resources provided here are optional and support the assessment. They provide helpful information about the topics. You may use other resources of your choice to prepare for this assessment; however, you will need to ensure that they are appropriate, credible, and valid. The PSYC-FP3770 Psychology of Human Motivation and Performance Library Guide can help direct your research. The Supplemental Resources and Research Resources, both linked from the left navigation menu in your courseroom, provide additional resources to help support you.

Introduction to Theory
Human Motivation and Performance Theories.
This media piece summarizes each category of motivation and performance theory according to what is believed to be the origin of motivation. These categories parallel those used in the assessment. As you review them, pay attention to how the theories do or do not pay attention to the biological, cognitive, and learned components of motivation.
Annenberg Learner. (n.d.). Discovering psychology: Pioneers. Retrieved from http://www.learner.org/series/discoveringpsychology/pioneers.html
This website provides information about important figures in the history of psychology and their major works.
Theories of Motivation, Theorists, and Examples of Peer-Reviewed Articles
The following entries offer information organized by the category of human motivation and performance theory. The categories contain selections of textbook pages about the theory(ies) and theorist(s) as available, as well as peer-reviewed articles in which the theory is applied.

The assessment instructions require you to include at least two peer-reviewed articles to support your paper. Use the Capella Library and/or Google Scholar to find resources in addition to those offered here.

Instinct Theory
Deckers, L. (2018). Motivation: Biological, psychological, and environmental (5th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Freud, pages 3941.
Darwin, pages 3637 and pages 258259.
Darwin, C., & Beer, G. (2008). On the origin of species. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Mills, J. (2004). Clarifications on Trieb: Freud’s theory of motivation reinstated. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 21(4), 673677.
Need or Personality Theory
Deckers, L. (2018). Motivation: Biological, psychological, and environmental (5th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Murray, pages 4344, 242243.
Maslow, pages 252254.
Winston, C. N., Maher, H., & Easvaradoss, V. (2017). Needs and values: An exploration. The Humanistic Psychologist, 45(3), 295311.
Drive or Learning Theory
Deckers, L. (2018). Motivation: Biological, psychological, and environmental (5th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Hull, pages 4647, 182.
Skinner, pages 381, 385, 389, 394.
Ariani, D. W. (2017). Why am I burnout and engaged? The role of motivation and personality. Journal of Psychological and Educational Research, 25(2), 6189.
Reeve, J. (2016). A grand theory of motivation: Why not? Motivation and Emotion, 40(1), 3135.
Wang, V. C. X. (2012). Understanding and promoting learning theories. International Forum of Teaching and Studies, 8(2), 511.
Growth and Mastery Theory
Adachi, P. C., Ryan, R. M., Frye, J., McClurg, D., & Rigby, C. S. (2018). ‘I can’t wait for the next episode!’ Investigating the motivational pull of television dramas through the lens of self-determination theory. Motivation Science, 4(1), 7894.
Barclay, L. J., Bashshur, M. R., & Fortin, M. (2017). Motivated cognition and fairness: Insights, integration, and creating a path forward. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(6), 867889.
Emery, A. A., Toste, J. R., & Heath, N. L. (2015). The balance of intrinsic need satisfaction across contexts as a predictor of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. Motivation and Emotion, 39(5), 753765.
King, P., & Howard, J. (2016). Free choice or adaptable choice: Self-determination theory and play. American Journal of Play, 9(1), 5670.
Humanistic Theory
Deckers, L. (2018). Motivation: Biological, psychological, and environmental (5th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Maslow, pages 252254.
DeRobertis, E. M. (2016). On framing the future of humanistic psychology. The Humanistic Psychologist, 44(1), 1841.
Hovhannisyan, G. (2018). Humanistic cognitive science. The Humanistic Psychologist, 46(1), 3052.

***For this assessment, select two theorists who focus on motivation and write a paper in which you describe their theories and explain how the theories represent an advancement over previous models.

***Preparation

First, select two theorists from the lists below. You may select two individuals who focus on the same area of motivation, or you may select two theorists who focus on different areas.

Area of Motivation: Instinct theories.
Theorists: Darwin, Freud.
Area of Motivation: Need or personality theories.
Theorists: Maslow, Murray, Cattell.
Area of Motivation: Drive or learning theories.
Theorists: Hull, Watson, Skinner.
Area of Motivation: Growth and mastery theories.
Theorists: Deci and Ryan.
Area of Motivation: Humanistic theories.
Theorists: Maslow, Roger.
After you make your selections, research the theories of the two theorists you selected. Keep in mind that your paper must include at least two scholarly sources of supported evidence.

***Instructions

Write a paper about the two theories you researched. In your paper, complete the following:

Describe the theories. Identify the theorist associated with the model, the category (area of motivation) of each theory, and the essential elements that comprise each theory. Assess any problems, conflicts, or unresolved issues in the theories.
Explain what differentiates each theory from the other.
Describe how each theory does or does not address the biological, cognitive, and learned components of motivation.
Place the theories within a historical context by explaining why each theory was an improvement on preceding theories in this area of motivation and behavior.
Discuss which theory best informs or describes your personal behavior and why. Consider how the theory relates to you and whether it helps explain why you do some of the things you do.
***Additional Requirements
Your paper should meet the following requirements:

Written communication: Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message.
APA formatting: Resources and citations are formatted according to current APA guidelines for style and formatting.
Number of resources: At least 2 scholarly academic resources are included.
Length of paper: The length is a minimum of 5 typed, double-spaced pages, not including the title page and reference list.
Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12-point font is used.