Brandon 

Security design principles are fundamental concepts that provide a basis for understanding, developing, and evaluating security mechanisms. These principles include least privilege, fail-safe defaults, economy of mechanism, complete mediation, open design, separation of privilege, least common mechanism, and psychological acceptability (Gollmann, 2011). Authentication methods are used to verify the identity of users, systems, and applications. The most common method is password-based authentication, where users are required to enter a unique password. However, this method has its weaknesses such as the possibility of password cracking or guessing. To mitigate these risks, organizations implement password policies that dictate the complexity, length, and expiration of passwords (Jermyn, et al., 1999). In terms of other authentication methods, two-factor authentication (2FA) or multi-factor authentication (MFA) have been adopted widely. 2FA requires the user to provide two different types of information, typically something they know like a password, and something they have, such as a security token or a smartphone app. MFA extends this by requiring additional verification methods like biometrics (Furnell, 2007).

The principle of least privilege suggests that a user should be given the minimum levels of access necessary to complete their tasks. This can be achieved through the use of role-based access control (RBAC), where access rights are based on the role of the user within the organization (Sandhu et al., 1996). Similarly, the principle of fail-safe defaults means that access decisions should deny by default, and the access should be granted only when permitted. This principle can be implemented through the use of access control lists (ACLs), where each resource has an associated list of users that are permitted access (Gollmann, 2011). Ultimately, organizations should consider these security design principles when implementing authentication methods and password policies to ensure the security of their systems and data.

 Ezikiel

The principle of "Least Privilege" shows the importance of restricting user access to only the resources essential for their role within the organization. By implementing strong authentication methods, like biometrics or multi-factor authentication (MFA), and strong password policies, organizations can ensure that only authorized individuals have access to sensitive data or critical systems. This principle not only reduces the potential impact of insider threats but also mitigates the consequences of external attacks seeking to exploit weak authentication mechanisms. These measures not only enhance the overall security of a business but also create a culture of accountability among it's users. Regularly updating password policies to show evolving security threats and educating people about the importance of secure authentication practices further solidifies the organization's dedication to protecting against potential breaches. Additionally, implementing automated access controls that adjust user permissions based on changing roles or responsibilities aligns with the principle of least privilege, ensuring that users only have access to the resources necessary for their current tasks. Through these multifaceted approaches, organizations can effectively mitigate the risk of unauthorized access and protect sensitive assets from potential compromise.