18 Oct The epidemiologist John Cassel argued that the agent, host, and environment triad provided an adequate explanation for chronic diseases of noninfectious origin.

The epidemiologist John Cassel argued that the agent, host, and environment triad provided an adequate explanation for chronic diseases of noninfectious origin.

 

  True

 

  False

 

Question 2An important risk factor for the population is always important for the individual.

 

  True

 

  False

 

Question 3A dynamic population is one that adds new members through immigration and births and loses members through emigration and deaths.

 

  True

 

  False

 

Question 4Doll and Peto demonstrated that the mortality ratios for lung cancer were similar among those who smoked 1–14 cigarettes per day and those who smoked 15–24 cigarettes per day.

 

  True

 

  False

 

Question 5The term “health disparities” refers to differences in health outcomes (e.g., mortality and burden of disease) that are closely linked with social, economic, and environmental disadvantage.

 

  True

 

  False

 

Question 6What level of prevention is represented by halfway houses for persons recovering from addiction?

 

  Tertiary prevention

 

  Primary prevention, active

 

  Secondary prevention

 

  Primary prevention, passive

 

Question 7Which form of prevention takes place after the precursors of disease interact with the host?

 

  Both secondary and tertiary

 

  Tertiary

 

  Primary

 

  Secondary

 

Question 8What level of prevention is represented by screening for breast cancer?

 

  Tertiary prevention

 

  Primary prevention, active

 

  Primary prevention, passive

 

  Secondary prevention

 

Question 9The uses of epidemiology include:

 

  All are correct.

 

  evaluation of health services.

 

  search for determinants (causes of disease).

 

  estimation of individual risks and chances of contracting disease.

 

Question 10In 1900, the death rate per 100,000 population for influenza and pneumonia (I?&?P) was 202.2; it was 22.4 in 2003. How much did the death rate due to I & P decline? [p. 86, problem 9a; p. 645]

 

  9000%

 

 

 

  90%

 

  1000%

 

  100%

 

Question 11Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence?

 

  A persistent disorder

 

  A residual disorder

 

  A disappearing disorder

 

  A new epidemic disorder

 

Question 12Using epidemiology for operational research involves the study of: 

 

  community health services.

 

  risks to the individual.

 

  All are correct.

 

  disease syndromes.

 

Question 13The difference between primary and secondary prevention of disease is:

 

  primary prevention means increasing resistance to disease, whereas secondary prevention means decreasing exposure to disease.

 

  primary prevention means control of acute disease, whereas secondary prevention means control of chronic disease.

 

  primary prevention means control of causal factors, whereas secondary prevention means early detection and treatment of disease.

 

  primary prevention means control of causal factors, whereas secondary prevention means control of symptoms.

 

Question 14What factors should be considered in measuring long-term changes in disease frequency over time?

 

  Changes in the age distribution

 

  All are correct.

 

  Changes in diagnostic criteria

 

  Changes in the fatal course of the condition

 

Question 15According to the natural history of disease model, the time before the precursors of disease and the host interact is called the period of:

 

  prepathogenesis.

 

  pathogenesis and primogenesis.

 

  pathogenesis.

 

  primogenesis.

 

Question 16Which of the following is true about a 95% confidence interval of the mean of a given sample:

 

 There is a 95% chance that the population mean will fall within the limits of the confidence interval.

 

  95 out of 100 sample means will fall within the limits of the confidence interval.

 

  95 out of 100 population means will fall within the limits of the confidence interval.

 

  There is a .05 probability that the population mean falls within the limits of the confidence interval.

 

Review p.64, 50 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

 Question 17Which of these statements about statistical power is not true?

 

  Power is linked to the probability of making a Type I error.

 

  Power is the ability of a test to detect an effect.

 

  All options are true.

 

  We can use power to determine how big a sample is required to detect an effect of a certain size.

 

Question 18What does a significant test statistic tell us?

 

  The hull hypothesis is false.

 

  There is an important effect.

 

  There is an effect in the population of sufficient magnitude to be scientifically interesting.

 

  All of the above.

 

Question 19Which of the following statements would you consider to be the null hypothesis in relation to a research proposal which states that it is investigating the impact of nutrition on wound healing time?

 

  There is a relationship between the two population variables.

 

  There are additional factors which need consideration to this research.

 

  There is no relationship between the two variables in the population.

 

  There are no additional factors which need to be considered in this research.

 

Review p.58 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

 Question 20A Type I error is when:

 

  We conclude that the test statistic is significant when in fact it is not.

 

  The data we have typed into SPSS are different than the data collected.

 

  We conclude that there is a meaningful effect in the population when in fact there is not.

 

  We conclude that there is not a meaningful effect in the population when in fact there is.

 

Question 21If we calculated an effect size and found it was r = .42, which expression would best describe the size of effect?

 

  Small

 

  Large

 

  Small to medium

 

  Medium to large

 

Question 22Which of the following terms best describes the sentence: ‘In a blind tasting, people will not be able to tell the difference between margarine and butter’?

 

  An operational definition

 

  A directional hypothesis

 

  A non-directional hypothesis

 

  A null hypothesis

 

Question 23The standard deviation is the square root of

 

  The sum of squares

 

  The variance

 

  The range

 

  The coefficient of determination

 

Question 24In experiments the independent variable is manipulated to determine:

 

  Relation to other variables

 

  Effects on the individual participants

 

  Effects of certain stimuli

 

  Effect on the dependent variable

 

Question 25What is a t-distribution?

 

  A representation of the distribution of the means

 

  A representation of probability distributions that change shape as the sample size increases

 

  A means of calculating the standard error

 

  A means of calculating probability

 

Review p.29 of your textbook for more information on this question.