18 Oct Most blood cells are produced in the red marrow of bones.
Bone Tissue
1. Most blood cells are produced in the red marrow of bones.
True False
2. A vertebra is considered a long bone. True False
3. A radiograph (X-ray) of a child’s hand will show epiphyseal lines.
True False
4. The hemopoietic tissue in a bone is otherwise known as myeloid tissue.
True False
5. Concentric lamellae within an osteon are connected by lacunae.
True False
6. Osteogenic cells are bone stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
True False
7. Osteoid tissue is similar to bone except for a lack of minerals.
True False
8. Intramembranous ossification is common in children, whereas endochondral ossification is typical in young adults.
True False
9. Bones grow in diameter by interstitial growth.
True False
10. Hypercalcemia causes depression of the nervous system.
True False
11. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) binds to receptors on osteoblasts.
True False
12. Hypercalcemia is rare, but hypocalcemia can result from a wide variety of conditions.
True False
13. Closed reduction is the surgical realignment of the parts of a broken bone.
True False
14. Osteomalacia results in bone brittleness.
True False
15. Osteoporosis often leads to an exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature, which is called kyphosis. True False
Multiple Choice Questions
16. Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton?
A. Storage of calcium and phosphate ions
B. Storage of red blood cells
C. Providing support for most muscles
D. Protecting the brain
E. Protecting the spinal cord
17. Osseous tissue is a(an) tissue.
A. connective
B. epithelial
C. dense regular
D. dense irregular
E. reticular
18. Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone?
A. Osseous tissue
B. Nervous tissue
C. Adipose tissue
D. Cartilage
E. Transitional epithelium
19. The center cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is called the .
A. marrow cavity
B. central canal
C. nutrient foramen
D. canaliculus
E. epiphysis
20.The thin layer of slightly denser spongy bone that separates an adult’s epiphysis from the diaphysis is called the .
A. periosteum
B. metaphysis
C. growth plate
D. epiphyseal line
E. diaphyseal line
21. The cortex of the long bone’s diaphysis is made of .
A. marrow
B. compact bone
C. spongy bone
D. dense regular connective tissue
E. articular cartilage
22. The expanded head at each end of a long bone is called the .
A. epiphysis
B. diaphysis
C. articular cartilage
D. periosteum
E. endosteum
23. A long bone is covered externally with a sheath called the , whereas the marrow cavity is lined with the .
A. epiphysis; diaphysis
B. diaphysis; epiphysis
C. compact bone; spongy bone
D. periosteum; endosteum
E. endosteum; periosteum
24. Bone-forming cells are called .
A. osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells
B. osteoblasts
C. osteoclasts
D. osteocytes
E. osteons
25. When become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called .
A. osteogenic cells; osteoblasts
B. osteoblasts; osteoclasts
C. osteoblasts; osteocytes
D. osteocytes; osteoclasts
E. osteocytes; osteoblasts
26. The spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called , and they contain .
A. canaliculi; osteoblasts
B. osteons; stem cells
C. lacunae; osteocytes
D. lacunae; osteoclasts
E. central canals; osteocytes
27. Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix?
A. Proteoglycans
B. Glycoproteins
C. Collagen
D. Hydroxyapatite
E. Glycosaminoglycans
28. Spicules and trabeculae are found in .
A. compact bone
B. bone matrix
C. yellow bone marrow
D. red bone marrow
E. ongy bone
29. Red bone marrow does not contain .
A. myeloid tissue
B. yellow bone marrow
C. hemopoietic tissue
D. white blood cells
E. red blood cells
30. The hardness of bone comes from , whereas provide(s) some degree of flexibility.
A. hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins
B. collagen and elastic fibers; minerals
C. glycoproteins; proteoglycans
D. calcium carbonate; calcium phosphate
E. proteins; collagen
31. The plasma membrane of have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings, whereas
have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes.
A. osteoclasts; osteocytes
B. osteocytes; osteoclasts
C. osteoblasts; osteoclasts
D. osteoblasts; osteocytes
E. osteocytes; osteogenic cells
32. What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)?
A. Periosteum
B. Hemopoietic tissue
C. Red bone marrow
D. Yellow bone marrow
E. Compact bone
33. Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes?
A. Osteoblasts
B. Osteoclasts
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteogenic cells
E. Stem cells
34. It is common to find in compact bone, but they are not seen in spongy bone.
A. lamellae
B. osteoclasts
C. lacunae
D. central canals
E. osteocytes
35. Intramembranous ossification produces the .
A. irregular bones of the vertebrae
B. flat bones of the skull
C. long bones of the limbs
D. short bones of the wrist
E. short bones of the ankle
36. In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is , which is replaced by bone.
A. embryonic mesenchyme
B. fibrous membranes
C. hyaline cartilage
D. transitional epithelium
E. fibrocartilage
37. The is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage.
A. metaphysis
B. primary ossification center
C. secondary ossification center
D. osteoid tissue
E. epiphyseal line
38. Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the .
A. primary ossification center
B. secondary ossification center
C. primary bone marrow
D. secondary bone marrow
E. epiphyseal plate
39. Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of of the metaphysis.
A. reserve cartilage
B. cell proliferation
C. cell hypertrophy
D. calcification
E. bone deposition
40. Mature bones are remodeled throughout life via a process known as .
A. intramembranous ossification
B. endochondral ossification
C. interstitial growth
D. appositional growth
E. metaphysical growth
41. Bone elongation is a result of .
A. cartilage growth
B. muscle growth
C. osseous tissue growth
D. fibrous membrane addition
E. dense irregular connective tissue addition
42. Wolff’s law of bone explains the effect of .
A. different diets on bone elongation
B. mechanical stress on bone remodeling
C. temperature on bone growth
D. age on bone thickening
E. sex on bone widening
43. A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are the
A. elastic cartilage and epiphyseal plate
B. epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line
C. primary and secondary ossification centers
D. fibrocartilage and articular cartilage
E. articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
44. The process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream is known as .
A. mineralization
B. mineral deposition
C. crystallization
D. resorption
E. ossification
45. Which of the following exemplifies a positive feedback process happening in bone mineral deposition?
A. The first few crystals that form attract more calcium and phosphate.
B. Osteoblasts neutralize inhibitors that prevent bone resorption.
C. Osteoclasts secrete acid phosphatase that digests collagen.
D. Collagen is digested by enzymes and hydroxyapatite by hydrochloric acid.
E. Solubility product is reached in the tissue fluids.
46. Phosphate is necessary for all of the following except .
A. ATP
B. DNA
C. phospholipids
D. RNA
E. amino acids
47. Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except .
A. muscle contraction
B. exocytosis
C. blood clotting
D. DNA synthesis
E. communication among neurons
48. Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
A. Promote calcium reabsorption by the kidneys
B. Stimulate osteoclast activity
C. Lower blood calcium
D. Promote calcitriol synthesis
E. Inhibit osteoblast activity
49. Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, is important to the deposition of bone.
A. growth hormone
B. testosterone
C. estrogen
D. calcitonin
E. calcitriol
50. Which of the following does not put women at risk for hypocalcemia?
A. Lactation
B. Pregnancy
C. Removal of the parathyroid glands
D. Removal of the thyroid gland
E. Lack of exposure to UV radiation
51. Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates secretion, which leads to .
A. calcitonin; more urinary phosphate reabsorption
B. calcitriol; more urinary phosphate excretion
C. parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity
D. growth hormone; increased osteoblast activity
E. thyroid hormone; less urinary calcium excretion
52. Hypalcemia can cause .
A. emotional disturbances
B. depression of the nervous system
C. muscle weakness
D. sluggish reflexes
E. muscle spasms
53. Arteriosclerosis is one example of ectopic ossification, which means .
A. the solubility product has been reached
B. artery mineralization by osteoblasts
C. abnormal calcification of a tissue
D. accumulation of collagenous fibers in blood vessels
E. ossification of an entire blood vessel
54. If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect .
A. an elevated level of osteoclast activity
B. an elevated level of osteoblast activity
C. a reduced rate of endochondral ossification
D. a rise in blood calcium concentration
E. increasingly brittle bones
55. A soft callus forms during .
A. endochondral ossification
B. intramembranous ossification
C. bone growth at the metaphysis
D. the remodeling of bone
E. the healing of a fracture
56. Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of , which would otherwise inhibit .
A. dietary calcium; estrogen production
B. osteoblasts; osteoclast activity
C. estrogen; osteoclast activity
D. parathyroid hormone; osteocyte activity
E. exercise; osteoblast activity
57. A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a fracture.
A. linear
B. pott
C. comminuted
D. greenstick
E. compound
58. The result of blood calcium and phosphate levels being too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called in children and in adults.
A. osteomalacia; rickets
B. rickets; osteomalacia
C. osteoporosis; osteomalacia
D. osteomyelitis; osteosarcoma
E. osteomyelitis; osteomalacia
59. Bone protrudes through the skin in a fracture called .
A. complete
B. incomplete
C. closed
D. open
E. displaced
60. A break in a bone that is already weakened by some other disease is called a(n) fracture.
A. greenstick
B. open
C. closed
D. pathologic
E. displaced
61. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?
A. Bone remodeling ? soft callus formation ? hard callus formation ? hematoma formation
B. Bone remodeling ? hard callus formation ? soft callus formation ? hematoma formation
C. Hematoma formation ? soft callus formation ? hard callus formation ? bone remodeling
D. Hematoma formation ? hard callus formation ? soft callus formation ? bone remodeling
E. Soft callus formation ? hard callus formation ? hematoma formation ? bone remodeling
62. Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called , whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called .
A. fracture hematoma; granulation tissue
B. granulation tissue; soft callus
C. fracture hematoma; hard callus
D. granulation tissue; hard callus
E. soft callus; hard callus
63. The most common bone disease is .
A. osteomyelitis
B. osteoporosis
C. osteosarcoma
D. osteomalacia
E. rickets
True / False Questions
64. Bones, cartilage, and ligaments are tissues and organs of the skeletal system. True False
Multiple Choice Questions
65. The is an example of bone as an organ; bone is an example of bone as a tissue.
A. femur; spongy
B. spongy; femur
C. skull; marrow
D. compact; sesamoid
True / False Questions
66. Red bone marrow is important in the production of new bone cells. True False
67. Adding pins and plates to a fracture to aid repair is called traction. True False
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