18 Oct The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System

 

1. Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?

 

A. Control of pH

 

B. Promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood

 

C. Helps regulate blood pressure

 

D. Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators

 

E. Aids in defecation

 

2. Which of the following is caused by the chemical reactions of gases of the respiratory system?

 

A. Regulation of blood pressure

 

B. The synthesis of vasodilators

 

C. Aids in defecation

 

D. Regulation of pH

 

3. The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the            .

 

A. trachea

 

B. pharynx

 

C. larynx

 

D. alveoli

 

E. lungs

 

4. The nose is divided into right and left halves called the              .

 

A. nasal cavities

 

B. nasal fossae

 

C. nasal septa

 

D. nasal vestibules

 

E. nasal apertures

 

5. Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages?

 

A. Vestibular and vocal

 

B. Laryngeal and corniculate

 

C. Corniculate and cricoid

 

D. Cricoid and arytenoid

 

E. Thyrohyoid and cricoids

 

 

 

6. What are the most numerous cells in the lungs?

 

A. Mucosal cells

 

B. Type I alveolar cells

 

C. Type II alveolar cells

 

D. Dust cells

 

E. Vibrissal cells

 

7. Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by the         .

 

A. aorta

 

B. pulmonary artery

 

C. pulmonary vein

 

D. inferior vena cava

 

E. superior vena cava

 

8. Which of the following does not contain ciliated cells?

 

A. Nasal cavity

 

B. Trache a

 

C. Primary bronchus

 

D. Terminal bronchiole

 

E. Larygopharynx

 

9. What is the basic distinction between an alveolar duct and an alveolar atrium?

 

A. Their shape

 

B. Their size

 

C. Their function

 

D. Their epithelial type

 

E. The presence or absence of cilia

 

10. Which bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side?

 

A. Left segmental bronchus

 

B. Right segmental bronchus

 

C. Right lobar bronchus

 

D. Left main bronchus

 

E. Right main bronchus

 

11.The heart indents into the     of the left lung.

 

A. oblique fissure

 

B. hilum

 

C. apex

 

 D.cardiac notch

 

E. base

 

12. The respiratory system contains a total of five             .

 

A. segmental bronchi

 

B. choanae

 

C. laryngeal cartilages

 

D. lobes

 

E. tracheal cartilages

 

13. Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the   .

 

A. pharynx

 

B. epiglottis

 

C. oral cavity

 

D. tongue

 

E. lips

 

14. Which of the following cartilages is largest?

 

A. Corniculate cartilage

 

B. Epiglottic cartilage

 

C. Thyroid cartilage

 

D. Cricoid cartilage

 

E. Arytenoid cartilage

 

15. Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases?

 

A. Boyle’s

 

B. Valsalva’s

 

C. Dalton’s

 

D. Charles’s

 

E. Henry’s

 

16. In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?

 

A. Atmospheric pressure

 

B. Respiratory rate

 

C. Bronchiole diameter

 

D. Quantity of surfactant

 

E. Contraction of the diaphragm

 

17. Which of the following is the term for the lungs resistance to expansion?

 

A. Pulmonary ventilation

 

B. Pulmonary compliance

 

C. Pulmonary stenosis

 

D. Pulmonary surfactant

 

E. Pulmonary impedance

 

18. The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is the  .

 

A. vital capacity

 

B. inspiratory reserve volume

 

C. expiratory reserve volume

 

D. residual volume

 

E. inspiratory capacity

 

19. How is the vital capacity calculated?

 

A. Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory volume

 

B. Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume

 

C. Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume

 

D. Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

 

E. Respiratory volume + tidal volume

 

20. Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what?

 

A. Tachypnea

 

B. Dyspnea

 

C. Orthopnea

 

D. Hyperpnea

 

E. Kussmaul respiration

 

21. Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except        .

 

A. carbaminohemoglobin

 

B. carbonic acid

 

C. carbonate

 

D. bicarbonate ions

 

E. dissolved gas

 

22. Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom’s life?

 

A. There is reserve oxygen in Tom’s lungs.

 

B. There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom’s blood.

 

C. The ambient PO2 can support life that long.

 

D. The Haldane effect lasts up to 5 minutes.

 

E. Tom’s hypoxic drive will keep him alive for up to 5 minutes.

 

23. During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?

 

A. Increased H+ level in the blood

 

B. The Bohr effect

 

C. Reduced blood pH

 

D. Reduced oxyhemoglobin

 

E. Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

 

24. Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?

 

A. An increase in membrane thickness

 

B. An increase in alveolar surface area

 

C. An increase in respiratory rate

 

D. A decrease in membrane thickness

 

E. A decrease in nitrogen solubility

 

25. The addition of CO2 to the blood generates ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen.

 

A. sodium

 

B. potassium

 

C. nitrogen

 

D. hydrogen

 

E. chloride

 

26. Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation?

 

A. Epinephrine

 

B. Fever

 

C. Thyroid hormone

 

D. Low pH

 

E. Erythrocyte count

 

 

 

27. In the air we breathe, which gas is found in the highest concentration?

 

A. Oxygen

 

B. Water vapor

 

C. Nitrogen

 

D. Carbon dioxide

 

E. Hydrogen

 

28. Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to           oxygen molecules.

 

A. 6

 

B. 2

 

C. 3

 

D. 4

 

E. 5

 

29. Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a PO2 of     mm Hg, a PCO2 of            mm Hg, and a pH of        .

 

A. 40; 95; 7.4

 

B. 95; 40; 7.4

 

C. 7.4; 40; 95

 

D. 95; 7.4; 40

 

E. 40; 7.4; 95

 

30. Whh of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?

 

A. Hemoglobinase

 

B. Carboxyhemoglobinase

 

C. Carbonic anhydrase

 

D. Bisphosphoglycerase

 

E. Carbaminoreductase

 

31. In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen?

 

A. 5% to 10%

 

B. 10% to 15%

 

C. 20% to 25%

 

D. 30% to 40%

 

E. 70% to 85%

 

32. Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue?

 

A. Apoxia

 

B. Hypoxia

 

C. Anoxia

 

D. Cyanosis

 

E. Eupnea

 

33. Congestive heart failure results in which of the following?

 

A. Hypoxemic hypoxia

 

B. Ischemic hypoxia

 

C. Anemic hypoxia

 

D. Histotoxic hypoxia

 

E. Idiopathic hypoxia

 

34. Which of the following is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum?

 

A. Asthma

 

B. Oat-cell carcinoma

 

C. Atelectasis

 

D. Chronic bronchitis

 

E. Emphysema

 

35. Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?

 

A. Sickle-cell disease

 

B. Emphysema

 

C. Squamous-cell carcinoma

 

D. Asthma

 

E. Atelectasis

 

36. Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli?

 

A. Cor pulmonale

 

B. Pulmonary hemosiderosis

 

C. Emphysema

 

D. Atelectasis

 

E. Collapsed lung

 

37. In which condition are the lungs infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis?

 

 

 

 

 

A. Pneumonia

 

B. Dyspnea

 

C. Pneumothorax

 

D. Tuberculosis

 

E. Rhinitis

 

38. Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi?

 

A. Squamous-cell carcinoma

 

B. Oat-cell carcinoma

 

C. Adenocarcinoma

 

D. Pulmonary edema

 

E. Cor pulmonale

 

39. Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in which condition?

 

A. A Bohr effect

 

B. Adult respiratory distress syndrome

 

C. A pneumothorax

 

D. Atelectasis

 

E. Ondine’s curse

 

40. Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa?

 

A. Apnea

 

B. Adult respiratory distress syndrome

 

C. Acute bronchitis

 

D. Acute rhinitis

 

E. Asthma

 

41. Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid what condition?

 

A. The bends

 

B. Oxygen toxicity

 

C. Rapture of the deep

 

D. Caisson disease

 

E. Hypoxemic hypoxia

 

42. Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, producing a syndrome called               .

 

A. decompression sickness

 

B. hyperbaric disease

 

C. cerebral embolism

 

D. pulmonary barotrauma

 

E. pulmonary edema

 

43. The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in the          .

 

A. pontine respiratory group

 

B. dorsal respiratory group

 

C. ventral respiratory group

 

D. medulla oblongata

 

E. pons

 

44. Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by         of the respiratory tract.

 

A. squamous alveolar cells

 

B. great alveolar cells

 

C. the pleurae

 

D. ciliated cells

 

E. goblet cells

 

45. The blood transports more CO2 in the form of            than in any other form.

 

A. carbaminohemoglobin

 

B. carboxyhemoglobin

 

C. bicarbonate ions

 

D. dissolved CO2 gas

 

E. bisphosphocarbonate

 

46. Among its other purposes, how is the Valsalva maneuver used?

 

A. To aid in defecation and urination

 

B. As part of the procedure for giving CPR to a person in respiratory arrest

 

C. To ventilate the lungs during eupnea

 

D. To expel more than the usual tidal volume from the lungs

 

E. To clear carbon monoxide from the body and replace it with oxygen

 

47. Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so?

 

A. A low BPG level causes acidosis of blood.

 

B. Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload CO2 very well.

 

C. Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well.

 

D. Erythrocytes low in BPG do not load O2 very well.

 

E. A decline in BPG level is accompanied by a decline in hemoglobin level.

 

48. Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is mL/min.

 

A. 2,400

 

B. 3,600

 

C. 4,200

 

D. 5,600

 

E. 6,400

 

49. Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute; spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL; your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200 mL. Your vital capacity is        mL.

 

A. 2,400

 

B. 3,000

 

C. 3,800

 

D. 4,700

 

E. 5,800

 

True / False Questions

 

50. The maximum amount of air the lungs can contain is known as inspiratory capacity. True   False

 

51. Respiratory arrest is an irreversible condition.

 

True   False

 

52. The pleurae and pleural fluid help prevent the spread of pulmonary infection to the pericardium. True   False

 

53. Breathing is controlled solely by the medulla oblongata and pons.

 

True   False

 

54. The rate of oxygen diffusion is affected by the pressure gradient of carbon dioxide. True   False

 

55. Gas transport is the process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa.

 

True   False

 

56. According to the Bohr effect, a low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more CO2. True   False

 

57. Erythrocytes do not carry out aerobic respiration; thus, they do not consume any of the oxygen they are

 

transporting. True   False

 

58. Hemoglobin releases the same amount of oxygen to all the tissues regardless of variations in their

 

metabolic rate. True   False

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

59. Output from higher brain centers can bypass both the DRG and VRG and go directly to           , which controls the accessory muscles of respiration.

 

A. the diaphragm

 

B. spinal integration centers

 

C. the cerebral cortex

 

D. the vagus nerve

 

60. Which of the following issues output to the VRG to adjust the respiratory rhythm?

 

A. DRG

 

B. PRG

 

C. NRG

 

D. SRG

 

61. Which center bears the primary responsibility for generating the respiratory rhythm, but is influenced by several other centers?

 

A. PRG

 

B. DRG

 

C. VRG

 

D. SRG

 

62. The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which of these brainstem centers?

 

A. PRG

 

B. Hypothalamic osmoreceptors

 

C. Medullary baroreceptors

 

D. Central chemoreceptors

 

63. Emotional states are integrated by the           , which generates an output that creates such respiratory variations as laughing and crying.

 

A. VRG

 

B. PRG

 

C. DRG

 

D. SRG

 

64. If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through?

 

A. Nares ? Vestibule ? Nasal Cavity ? Nasopharynx ? Oropharynx ? Laryngopharynx ? Larynx ? Trachea ? Primary Bronchus ? Secondary Bronchus ? Tertiary Bronchus ? Bronchiole ? Terminal Bronchiole ? Respiratory Bronchiole ? Alveolar Duct ? Alveolar Sac ? Alveolus

 

B. Nares ? Nasal Cavity ? Vestibule ? Nasopharynx ? Oropharynx ? Laryngopharynx ? Larynx ? Trachea ? Primary Bronchus ? Secondary Bronchus ? Tertiary Bronchus ? Bronchiole ? Terminal Bronchiole ? Respiratory Bronchiole ? Alveolar Duct ? Alveolar Sac ? Alveolus

 

C. Nares ? Vestibule ? Nasal Cavity ? Nasopharynx ? Oropharynx ? Laryngopharynx ? Larynx ? Trachea ? Bronchiole ? Respiratory Bronchiole ? Terminal Bronchiole ? Primary Bronchus ? Secondary Bronchus ? Tertiary Bronchus ? Alveolar Duct ? Alveolar Sac ? Alveolus

 

D. Nares ? Nasal Cavity ? Vestibule ? Nasopharynx ? Oropharynx ? Laryngopharynx ? Larynx ? Trachea ? Primary Bronchus ? Secondary Bronchus ? Tertiary Bronchus ? Bronchiole ? Respiratory Bronchiole ? Terminal Bronchiole ? Alveolar Duct ? Alveolar Sac ? Alveolus

 

65. Upon inspiration, what is the name of the air in the conducting zone that is not available for gas exchange?

 

A. Alveolar dead space

 

B. Tracheal dead space

 

C. Anatomical dead space

 

D. Conducting dead space

 

66. The anatomical dead space is greatest in which of the following situations?

 

A. After eating a large meal

 

B. After swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving

 

C. After waking up from a long nap

 

D. After watching TV for an hour

 

67. Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and 0.5% water. At sea level, (760 mmHg) what is the PCO2?

 

A. 597 mm Hg

 

B. 159 mm Hg

 

C. 0.3 mm Hg

 

D. 3.7 mm Hg

 

68. Which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases?

 

A. Henry’s

 

B. Charles’s

 

C. Boyle’s

 

D. Dalton’s

 

69. How is alveolar air different than inspired air?

 

A. Alveolar air has a higher PN2 than inspired air.

 

B. Alveolar air has a lower PCO2 than inspired air.

 

C. Alveolar air has a higher PO2 than inspired air.

 

D. Alveolar air has a higher PH2O than inspired air.

 

70. Metabolically active tissues have which of the following sets of conditions that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?

 

A. ? PO2, ? PCO2, ? temperature, ? BPG

 

B. ? PO2, ? PCO2, ? temperature, ? BPG

 

C. ? PO2, ? PCO2, ? temperature, ? BPG

 

D. ? PO2, ? PCO2, ? temperature, ? BPG

 

71. Conditions around metabolically active tissues do what to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

 

A. Shift it right

 

B. Shift it left

 

C. Decrease the slope

 

D. Increase the slope

 

72. Hypocapnia will lead to which of the following conditions?

 

A. Hypoventilation due to acidosis

 

B. Hypoventilation due to alkalosis

 

C. Hyperventilation due to acidosis

 

D. Hyperventilation due to alkalosis

 

73. What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer?

 

A. Mesothelioma

 

B. Adenocarcinoma

 

C. Squamous cell carcinoma

 

D. Small-cell carcinoma

 

True / False Questions

 

74. After the terminal bronchi air enters the alveoli next. True   False

 

75. The serratus anterior is active in eupnea. True   False

 

76. The expansion of the lungs during inspiration generates a pressure gradient causing air to flow into the lungs. This is an example of Boyle’s law.

 

True   False