17 May Psychology of Abnormal Behavior? Please view Family Secrets: Battling OCD video. What is your reactions to the video??What did you learn about
Psychology of Abnormal Behavior
Please view Family Secrets: Battling OCD video.
What is your reactions to the video? What did you learn about obsessive compulsive disorder? Who in the video did you find most interesting and why?
https://abcnews.go.com/2020/video/family-secrets-full-episode-battling-ocd-21008984
At least 275 words response.
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Stigma Associated with Dissociative Disorders
Normal Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders: What are they?
Stigma Associated with Somatic Symptom Disorders
Somatization and Somatic Symptom Disorders: What are They?
Somatic Symptom and Dissociative Disorders: A Historical Introduction
Somatic symptom and dissociative disorders were once thought to be linked, but they are now seen as largely separate entities.
Somatic Symptom
Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Emotions
Cognitions
Behaviors
Normal
Optimism regarding health.
No concerns about health.
Attending regular, preventive checkups with a physician.
Mild
Moderate
Somatic Symptom Disorder – Less Severe
Somatic Symptom Disorder – More Severe
Mild physical arousal and feeling of uncertainty about certain physical symptoms.
Some worry about health, perhaps after reading a certain magazine article.
Checking physical body a bit more or scheduling one unnecessary physician visit.
Moderate physical arousal and greater uncertainty about one’s health.
Strong worry about aches, pains, possible disease, or appearance. Fleeting thoughts about death or dying.
Scheduling more doctor visits but generally feeling relieved after each one.
Intense physical arousal misinterpreted as a sign or symptom of some terrible physical disorder.
Intense worry about physical state or appearance. Intense fear that one has a serious disease. Common thoughts about death or dying.
Regular doctor-shopping and requests for extensive and repetitive medical tests with little or no relief. Checking body constantly for symptoms.
Extreme physical arousal with great trouble concentrating on anything other than physical state or appearance.
Extreme worry about physical state or appearance.
Extreme fear of having a serious potential disease.
Frequent thoughts about death and dying.
Avoidance of many social and work activities. Scheduling regular surgeries, attending specialized clinics, or searching for exotic diseases.
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
What Are Somatic Symptom Disorders?
Somatization is a tendency to communicate distress through physical symptoms and to pursue medical help for these symptoms.
These are some typical symptoms of somatization disorders on a continuum [Click to see symptoms from mild to severe].
DSM-5: Somatic Symptom Disorder
Somatic Symptom
Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom
Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptoms
Somatic symptom disorder involves at least one physical symptom that causes the person great distress as well as impairment in daily functioning.
Somatization problems may be functional or presenting. Functional somatization involves medically unexplained symptoms not part of another mental disorder. Presenting somatization involves somatic symptoms that usually are presented as part of another mental disorder.
DSM-5: Illness Anxiety Disorder
Somatic Symptom
Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom
Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Many people naturally worry about various health concerns as they age, but excessive worry can become a problem.
Illness anxiety disorder involves excessive concern with a serious disease that may explain some general body changes. It is related to the disorder known as hypochondriasis in the DSM-IV.
DSM-5: Conversion Disorder
Somatic Symptom
Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom
Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Conversion Disorder
Back pain is one of the most common complaints reported by people with somatic symptom disorder.
Conversion disorder refers to motor or sensory problems that suggest a neurological or medical disorder, even though one has not been found. Many people with this disorder are unconcerned with their physical symptom or loss, a feature known as la belle indifference.
DSM-5: Factitious Disorder
Somatic Symptom
Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or disease, associated with identified deception.
The individual presents himself or herself to others as ill, impaired, or injured.
The deceptive behavior is evident even in the absence of obvious external rewards.
The behavior is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as delusional disorder or another psychotic disorder.
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self
Falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or disease, in another, associated with identified deception.
The individual presents another individual (victim) to others as ill, impaired, or injured.
The deceptive behavior is evident even in the absence of obvious external rewards.
The behavior is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as delusional disorder or another psychotic disorder.
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (Previously Factitious Disorder by Proxy)
Somatic Symptom
Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Factitious Disorder and Malingering
Factitious disorder involves deliberately falsifying or producing physical or psychological symptoms in the absence of an external motivator. Malingering involves deliberate production of such symptoms but for some obvious external motivation, such as avoiding work, dodging prosecution, and so forth.
Factitious disorder can be imposed on oneself, or on another. The latter was formerly known as Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy when it involves an adult deliberately inducing pain or illness in a child and then presenting the child for medical care.
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom
Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Epidemiology of Somatic Symptom Disorders
The prevalence of somatic symptom disorder (somatization disorder) is 0.8 to 4.7 percent. The prevalence of DSM-IV pain disorder, now part of somatic symptom disorder, is 1.9 percent. The mean prevalence rate of illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis) in the general population is reportedly about 0.25 to 1.0 percent, although this may rise to 2 percent in medical settings. Conversion disorder has been less studied epidemiologically and is probably more rare. Conversion disorder may be present in only 0.3 percent of the general population, but this rate likely differs across cultures.
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom
Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Focus on College Students: Somatization
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom
Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Stigma Associated with Somatic Symptom Disorders
Reporting various types of psychological symptoms depends on local norms and whether stigma is present
Fear of stigma may delay treatment
Stigma can affect illness behaviors. People with unexplained medical symptoms, such as those with chronic fatigue syndrome, often face blame or dismissal from others who attribute their symptoms to emotional problems. This may affect their decision to seek treatment.
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Prefrontal cortex
Cingulate cortex
Somatosensory cortex
© 2010 Siri Stafford/Jupiterimages Corporation
Biological Risk Factors for Somatic Symptom Disorders
Biological risk factors for somatic symptom disorders may include genetic predispositions, as well as key brain changes in the amygdala, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cingulate, prefrontal, and somatosensory cortices.
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Biological Risk Factors for Somatic Symptom Disorders (cont’d.)
This image shows the blood flow of people with conversion disorder. Decreased blood flow may occur in areas of the prefrontal cortex and other aspects of the brain related to loss of sensory and motor function as seen in conversion disorder.
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Environmental Risk Factors for Somatic Symptom Disorders
Illness behavior and reinforcement
Cognitive
Cultural
Evolutionary and other factors
Environmental risk factors for somatic symptom disorders include illness behaviors, which involve medically related behaviors potentially reinforced by significant others. Cognitive factors are likely powerful influences in somatic symptom disorders, because many people with these disorders use somatic explanations for even minor bodily changes.
Cultural and other factors may influence somatic symptom disorders as well. Non-Western cultures are particularly unlikely to express symptoms of depression or anxiety, and more likely to present these experiences as medical problems because of the stigma associated with mental disorders. Poor medical attention and care, problematic medical treatment, stressful life events, and general emotional arousal may be risk factors.
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Causes of Somatic Symptom Disorders
Misperception of symptoms
Feelings of uncontrollability
Overattention to minor bodily changes
A causal model of somatic symptom disorders focuses on misperception of symptoms, feelings of uncontrollability about symptoms, and overattention to minor bodily changes.
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Prevention of Somatic Symptom Disorders
Risk factors
Stressful life events
Traumatic experiences
Comorbid anxiety and depression
Risk factors in children and adolescents may inform strategies for preventing somatic symptom disorders. Examples include stressful life events, traumatic experiences, unnecessary medical interventions, and comorbid anxiety and depression.
Strategies to prevent somatic symptom disorders may include educating parents and children, coping strategies, and anxiety management.
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Assessment of Somatic Symptom Disorders
Interviews
Questionnaires
Personality assessment
Therapists use interviews and questionnaires to assess people with somatic symptom disorders. These measures concentrate on DSM-5 criteria, history of symptoms, illness behaviors and beliefs. Personality assessments and questionnaires measure personality patterns, cognitive distortions, and other relevant information.
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Assessment of Somatic Symptom Disorders (cont’d.)
Interviewing a person with a somatic symptom disorder requires a therapist to develop good rapport with her client. Guidelines for communicating with a person with a somatic symptom disorder are in Table 6.6.
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Biological Treatment of Somatic Symptom Disorders
The most common medications are selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors
Antidepressant medication may help reduce the severity of pain as well
Biological treatments for people with somatic symptom disorders include antidepressant medication to ease comorbid depression, fears of disease, and body preoccupation.
The most common medications for this population have been selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (Chapters 5 and 7) such as escitalopram (Lexapro), fluoxetine (Prozac), fluvoxamine (Luvox), and paroxetine (Paxil).
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Psychological Treatments of Somatic Symptom Disorders
These disorders are associated with problematic illness behaviors and significant cognitive factors
Psychological treatments resemble the treatments for anxiety-related disorders
Many who suffer resist the idea of treatment from a mental health professional
Psychological treatments for people with somatic symptom disorders involve cognitive-behavioral strategies to reduce illness behaviors and avoidance, improve physical functioning, address trauma, and limit checking and other excessive behaviors.
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
What If I or Someone I Know Has a Somatic Symptom Disorder?
Seeking a full medical and psychological examination is important
Encourage someone who may have features of a somatic symptom disorder to continue to stay active and “work through” his symptoms
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Long-Term Outcome for People with Somatic Symptom Disorders
Predictors of chronic somatic symptom disorders
Greater severity of symptoms
Female gender
Comorbid mood problems
Unrealistic fears of illness
The long-term outcome of people with somatic symptom disorders is variable but may be somewhat worse for people with illness anxiety disorder. Severity of symptoms and degree of comorbid conditions are good predictors of outcome.
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Emotions
Cognitions
Behaviors
Normal
Feeling good connection with others and environment.
No concerns about forgetfulness.
Occasional forgetfulness but little problem remembering with a cue.
Mild
Moderate
Dissociative Disorder – Less Severe
Dissociative Disorder – More Severe
Mild physical arousal, especially when forgetting something.
Slight worry about lack of concentration on an examination or about increasing forgetfulness as one ages.
Daydreaming during class, minor “spacing out” during a boring abnormal psychology lecture, mild forgetfulness.
Greater difficulty concentrating, feeling more alienated from others and one’s environment.
Greater worry about minor dissociation, such as sitting in a car at the supermarket and wondering how one arrived there.
Highway hypnosis, more frequent forgetfulness, or acting as if in a fog or a dream.
Intense difficulty concentrating and feelings of estrangement from others.
Intense worry about substantial dissociation or “gaps” in memory or little realization that something is wrong.
Infrequent episodes of depersonalization, intense forgetfulness, or missing appointments with others.
Feelings of complete alienation and separation from others or one’s environment.
Potential lack of insight or thought about one’s personal identity or changed living situation.
Severe and frequent episodes of dissociation, constant amnesia or fugue, presence of multiple personalities.
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Normal Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders: What Are They?
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Normal dissociation refers to separation of emotions, thoughts, memories, or other inner experiences from oneself. Dissociation that occurs in a severe or very odd way may be a dissociative disorder.
This continuum shows the spectrum of mild to severe behaviors.
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
What Are Dissociative Disorders?
Brief episodes of dissociation, such as depersonalization, are common
and normal.
Dissociative disorders involve disturbance in consciousness, memory, or identity. These disorders include dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization disorder.
DSM-5: Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Dissociative Amnesia
Jason Bourne, Matt Damon’s character in The Bourne Identity, has
dissociative amnesia and spends much of the film attempting to
discover his true identity.
Dissociative amnesia refers to loss of memory for highly personal information (such as in the movie The Bourne Identity).
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Dissociative Fugue
Jeffrey Ingram (pictured with his wife) woke up on a sidewalk in
downtown Denver with no memory of who he was. Doctors believed he
was in a dissociative fugue state.
Dissociative fugue involves sudden movement away from home or work with loss of memories for personal and other information.
Jeffrey Ingham, shown here, woke up on a sidewalk in Denver with no memory of who he was.
DSM-5: Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Different relationship possibilities
A two-way amnesiac relationship
A one-way amnesiac relationship
A mutually aware relationship
Dissociative identity disorder refers to two or more distinct personality states within a person. These states include a host personality and subpersonalities that often differ in their awareness of each other.
Different relationship possibilities exist for the various personalities of the person with dissociative identity disorder, including the following:
• A two-way amnesiac relationship means the personalities are not aware of the existence of one other.
• A one-way amnesiac relationship means some personalities are aware of other personalities, but this awareness is not always reciprocated.
• A mutually aware relationship means the personalities are aware of all other personalities and may even communicate with one another (Howell, 2011; Ringrose, 2012).
Dissociative Disorders: Features and Epidemiology
Dissociative Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Dissociative Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Causes and Prevention
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Assessment and Treatment
DSM-5: Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder