27 Dec SOC 1001 – Introduction to Sociology
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1. The Sociological Imagination
Definition (C. Wright Mills): The ability to connect personal experiences (“biography”) to larger social structures (“history”).
Key Idea: Personal troubles (e.g., unemployment) often reflect public issues (e.g., economic recession).
Importance:
Encourages critical thinking about society.
Helps identify how social forces shape individual choices.
Example: Divorce is not just a personal failure but linked to cultural norms, economic pressures, and legal systems.
2. Sociological Research Methods
Quantitative Methods
Surveys, experiments, statistical analysis.
Strength: Generalizable results.
Limitation: May miss depth of meaning.
Qualitative Methods
Interviews, ethnography, participant observation.
Strength: Rich, detailed insights.
Limitation: Smaller sample sizes, less generalizable.
Mixed Methods
Combines quantitative breadth with qualitative depth.
Ethical Considerations
Informed consent.
Confidentiality.
Avoiding harm.
Table: Research Methods Comparison
Method Strengths Limitations
Surveys Large sample, generalizable Limited depth
Experiments Control variables Artificial settings
Ethnography Rich detail Time-consuming, subjective
Interviews Personal insights Small sample size
3. Culture
Definition: Shared beliefs, values, norms, and material objects.
Components:
Material culture: Physical objects (clothing, technology).
Non-material culture: Ideas, beliefs, values.
Norms: Rules of behavior.
Folkways (casual norms).
Mores (serious norms tied to morality).
Taboos (prohibited behaviors).
Values: Standards of what is good or desirable.
Symbols & Language: Central to communication and meaning.
Cultural Relativism vs. Ethnocentrism:
Relativism: Understanding cultures on their own terms.
Ethnocentrism: Judging other cultures by one’s own standards.
4. Socialization
Definition: Lifelong process of learning norms, values, and roles.
Agents of Socialization:
Family (primary).
Education.
Peer groups.
Media.
Religion.
Theories:
Mead’s “I” and “Me” (self develops through interaction).
Cooley’s “Looking-glass self” (self-image shaped by others’ perceptions).
Resocialization: Learning new norms (e.g., military training, prison).
5. Social Structure and Institutions
Social Structure: Organized patterns of relationships and institutions.
Institutions: Stable systems meeting societal needs.
Family: Reproduction, socialization.
Education: Knowledge transmission.
Economy: Production/distribution.
Government: Order, regulation.
Religion: Meaning, moral guidance.
Roles & Status:
Status: Position in society (ascribed vs. achieved).
Role: Expected behavior tied to status.
Social Networks: Connections among individuals and groups.
6. Social Inequality
Definition: Unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges.
Dimensions:
Class (economic).
Race/ethnicity.
Gender.
Age.
Theories:
Functionalism: Inequality serves a purpose (motivates achievement).
Conflict theory: Inequality benefits elites at expense of others.
Symbolic interactionism: Inequality reinforced through everyday interactions.
Stratification Systems:
Caste (fixed).
Class (fluid, mobility possible).
Social Mobility: Movement up or down hierarchy.
7. Social Change
Definition: Transformation of culture, institutions, and social structures over time.
Drivers:
Technology.
Social movements.
Globalization.
Demographics.
Theories:
Evolutionary: Gradual development.
Conflict: Change through struggle.
Cyclical: Rise and fall of civilizations.
Examples:
Civil Rights Movement.
Feminist Movement.
Digital Revolution.
8. Major Theoretical Perspectives
Functionalism (Durkheim): Society as a system of interdependent parts.
Conflict Theory (Marx): Society marked by inequality and struggle.
Symbolic Interactionism (Mead, Blumer): Focus on micro-level interactions and meanings.
9. Key Terms Glossary
Sociological imagination
Culture, norms, values
Socialization, agents of socialization
Social structure, institutions
Social inequality, stratification
Social change, globalization
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