Application of Course Knowledge: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

Type 2 Diabetes is a condition where the body doesn’t use insulin properly or doesn’t make enough of it. Insulin is what helps sugar move out of the blood and into the cells to be used as energy. When the body becomes resistant to insulin or isn’t making enough, sugar builds up in the blood (Galicia-Garcia et al., 2020; Mayo Clinic, n.d.). This buildup in the blood vessels can lead to several health complications, including atherosclerosis, which increases the risk for cardiovascular disease.

Over time, high blood sugar can cause damage to major organs—especially the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves. Some of the early signs of Type 2 Diabetes include drinking a lot of water, peeing more than usual, blurry vision, feeling really tired, and getting infections more easily—particularly urinary tract infections (Mayo Clinic, n.d.).

In Bayani’s case, the signs are definitely pointing toward something like Type 2 Diabetes. His wife says he’s been drinking a lot of water and using the bathroom more, which are both classic symptoms. She also mentioned that his urine smells bad, and she’s concerned about a UTI. That’s a valid concern—people with diabetes often get UTIs because the sugar in their urine creates a perfect environment for bacteria to grow. His confusion could also be from dehydration or elevated blood sugar levels (Galicia-Garcia et al., 2020).

Based on all these symptoms, Type 2 Diabetes is a possible cause.

Diagnostic Tests

To evaluate Bayani and investigate Type 2 Diabetes, I would recommend the following tests:

• Fasting blood glucose – A result of 126 mg/dL or higher supports a diabetes diagnosis.
• Hemoglobin A1c – Reflects average blood sugar over the past 2–3 months. A level of 6.5% or higher confirms the diagnosis.
• Random blood glucose – A value over 200 mg/dL with symptoms is also diagnostic.
• Urinalysis – To check for glucose in the urine and any signs of infection.
• Urine culture – To identify bacteria and confirm a UTI.
• Basic metabolic panel (BMP) – To evaluate kidney function and hydration status.

If Bayani has Type 2 Diabetes, we would expect to see high blood glucose, sugar in the urine, and possibly signs of infection.

References:

Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K. B., Ostolaza, H., & Martín, C. (2020). Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(17), 6275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176275Links to an external site.

Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Type 2 diabetes – Symptoms and causes. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193