Researchers have highlighted that self-esteem plays a crucial role in helping individuals build friendships, maintain personal relationships, achieve academic success, and thrive in the workplace (Casale et al., 2022).   It can also be defined as an individual's general sense of self-worth or personal value. This encompasses how much they appreciate and accept themselves, including their abilities, physical appearance, and beliefs. Self-esteem often shapes how individuals handle challenges, build relationships, and strive toward their goals in life.

Rosenberg Self-Esteem /Likert

 According to Kam et al. (2024), utilizing the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale is a practical approach. They developed a short four-item scale and an ultra-short two-item scale, both of which demonstrated strong psychometric properties, including dimensionality, reliability, and validity. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) is one of the most widely used tools for measuring self-esteem. It is consisting of 10 statements designed to assess an individual's feelings of self-worth and self-acceptance. Respondents indicate their level of agreement with each statement using a Likert scale, typically ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree (Kam el at.,2024).

Approach for Construct

Creating items for an instrument requires a structured and thoughtful approach to ensure the concept is measured effectively. Begin by defining the construct clearly—such as self-esteem in this case. Refer to existing literature to study relevant scales, understand how similar constructs have been measured, and identify key dimensions or aspects that need to be addressed.

Next, break down the construct into measurable components. For example, self-esteem can include self-worth, self-acceptance, and confidence. Draft statements for each dimension using simple and clear language. Incorporate both positively and negatively worded items to minimize response bias.

Select an appropriate response format for the construct, such as a Likert scale. Seek feedback from experts to refine the items, and conduct pilot testing with a sample group to evaluate clarity and appropriateness. Analyze psychometric properties, such as reliability (e.g., Cronbach's alpha) and validity. Revise or remove poorly performing items as needed.

Finally, finalize the scale by retaining items that demonstrate strong psychometric properties, ensuring they comprehensively measure the intended construct.

The five elements suggested for evaluating self-esteem are as follows

1. “I feel condiment in my ability to handle new challenges”
2. “I believe I am just as capable as my peers in most activities.”
3. “I am proud of the work I accomplish, even if it’s not perfect”.
4. “I often feel good about who I am as a person.”
5. “I can accept my mistakes as opportunities to learn and grow.”

Reference

Casale, S., Fioravanti, G., Benucci, S. B., Falone, A., Ricca, V., & Rotella, F. (2022). A meta-analysis of the association between self-esteem and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 134, 107302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107302

Kam, C. C. S., Cheng, E. H., & Cui, T. (2024). Measuring self-esteem with expanded format in a fraction of time: ESE-S and ESE-US. Journal of Personality Assessment, 106(2), 196–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2023.2167890

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