Based on the goals and objectives of The Salvation Army’s Counseling and Outreach Programs and Transitional Housing and Support Services, the following research designs could be used to effectively assess the outcomes of the programs.

1. Quasi-Experimental Design: Since RCTs may not be possible for social services, a quasi-experimental design would enable the agency to assess the effectiveness of the programs in terms of mental health and housing. Using quantitative data gathered before and after the program (for example, the results of the mental health assessment or number of housing changes) and comparing it with a similar group of people who did not undergo the program, the effectiveness of the program can be estimated while taking into account other variables that might influence the results.
2. Longitudinal Study Design: This model is effective for assessing long-term results, for example, employment and housing stability. Gathering information at various points enables the agency to monitor changes in the clients’ mental health and their level of independence throughout their interaction.
3. Mixed-Methods Approach: To get a good picture and cover as much as possible, comparing the numerical results of the assessment (for instance, the mental health scores, the housing stability rates, etc.) with the qualitative data, such as the client satisfaction surveys and interviews. This approach addresses the quantitative goals and the client-oriented views on program efficacy.

Best Design: When it comes to the choice of the method, a mixed methods approach seems to be the most appropriate for a quasi-experimental design. This design allows for accurate evaluation of quantitative results and feedback from clients to enhance the program.

Sampling Method: A good method would be to use a stratified random sampling. Population sampling within the subgroups (age, prior homelessness duration) guarantees the representation of every client’s demographic characteristics in the study, which in turn increases the credibility of the evaluation results for The Salvation Army.