Age

A Youngster’s Experience

Developmental Concepts

Recognizing Typical and Unusual Behaviors for the Age Group

Implications

Facilitating Acquisition of Language Skills

Infancy (Birth–2)

When a caregiver at a child care center exclaims, “Your daddy’s here!” 10-month-old Midori looks eagerly in the direction of the door. But despite Midori’s apparent understanding of the word Daddy, she does not yet say his name, not even a reasonable approximation such as “Dada.” Sometimes she says “dadadadada,” but with little regard for whether her father is present.

Regularly engage infants in “conversations” in which they can practice vocalizing, taking turns, maintaining eye contact, and using other basic language skills. Simplify your language somewhat (e.g., use infant-directed speech), but use a variety of words in appropriate contexts.

Early Childhood (2–6)

Twenty kindergartners sit quietly and politely as the school principal describes the procedure they should follow during a fire drill. After the principal leaves the room, however, many of them are unable to describe the procedure she has spoken about.

This behavior is typical for the age group. Young children often think that being a “good listener” simply means sitting still and being quiet. They do not necessarily realize that listening also involves understanding and remembering what the speaker says.

Middle Childhood (6–10)

Seven-year-old Arthur’s sentences are rarely more than two or three words long.

Such speech is unusual for the age group. Children typically begin putting two words together sometime around age 2, and their sentences become increasingly longer after that. By school age, their sentences are adultlike in many respects.