24 Mar TOPIC: ?Impact of maternal stress, depression and anxiety on child development: Developmental Outcomes in ?children based on maternal history.? Focus on specific findings relate to
TOPIC: Impact of maternal stress, depression and anxiety on child development: Developmental Outcomes in children based on maternal history.
- Focus on specific findings relate to your variables. (maternal history and Developmental outcomes in children .)
- The project might benefit from narrowing and getting more depth on one area or in 2 that are related (i.e., language development and socio-emotional development.)
- What is the unique purpose of your own study (what gaps will you attempt to fill), what are your hypotheses among major variables?
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PSYN 616 Research Proposal Paper Grading form |
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Abstract · A concise and clear abstract is provided, discussing background, research questions/hypotheses, procedures, sampling, and measures in under 250 words.
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Literature review · Paper clearly defines and lists the objectives and goals of the research proposed · Contains explicit statement of purpose and maps out topics to be covered in the first paragraph or so · Provides a logical review of articles relevant to the statement of purpose · Studies are organized and reviewed thematically- not abstracts strung together · Prior research is critically evaluated and gaps that the project is intended to fill are identified · The importance of the research in advancing scientific knowledge or clinical practice is identified |
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Hypothesis(es) · Hypothesis(es) use appropriate language (group difference or correlation) and specify all the variables that are to be examined in the research project |
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Research Design and Methods · Plan for obtaining participants and composition of participants is explained · Procedures are discussed chronologically, clearly, and logically · The research design is logical and in keeping with the Specific Hypothesis(es) for the project · Measures are discussed and referenced clearly, with reference to scoring, validity and reliability |
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Protection of Human Subjects · The protection of human participants from research risk relating to their participation is clearly discussed · Informed consent procedures are discussed |
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References Cited/ APA Style · References are clearly cited in APA style · A reference page is included in APA Style |
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Writing/ Presentation · Paper adheres to APA style format for a research report · Good sentence structure, smooth transitions between paragraphs and paragraph coherence · Spelling and Grammar |
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E= Excellent, VG= Very Good, G= Good, P=Poor
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1
Title Here (e.g., My Terrific and Awesome Research Paper)
Your Name Here
College Name Here
2
Abstract
The abstract is a brief summary of the entire proposal, typically ranging from 150 to 250
words. The abstract should briefly summarize the content of the proposal’s major
headings: the background and research question/hypothesis, research design, sampling
method, measures, and data analysis procedures. A good abstract accurately reflects the
content of the proposal, while at the same time being coherent, readable, and concise.
This belongs on its own page.
3
My Terrific and Awesome Research Paper
(Add title at top. Center and don’t bold)
Your first section is developed from your critical review. It should be edited with the
feedback provided by the student peer reviewer and me. It should be expanded to include
at least 10 scholarly peer-reviewed sources. Double-space the paper; the preferred font is
Times New Roman 12 pt. The literature review sections and headings are as follows:
Introduction (No heading for this section)
The introduction comes before the start of the literature review. It should be a broad
introduction to the topic and project. You should set the stage for the review of literature
and the "story" you would like to tell that leads logically up to a research/question
hypothesis.
Literature Review
(Bold and center this heading)
Add your edited and expanded critical review. Discuss studies that lead logically to
your hypothesis/ research question. The review should be written thematically based on
topics and subtopics relevant to your research (do not paste one summary of a study after
another, etc.
Purpose of Study (Left Margin, Bold, Title Cap'ed)
This section follows the literature review. It should very briefly summarize the main
points and findings of the literature review. It should provide the context for the
development of your project (i.e., is it a replication, literature advancement, exploratory,
experiment, non-experimental survey, secondary analysis of data, etc.). Consider what
gap in the literature your study fills or what unique contribution your study makes to the
field. This section should end with a(n) hypothesis(es) or research question to be tested.
Method
(Bold and Centered)
In the second section of your paper, you should provide details about your proposed
study. The following are the subheadings:
Participants (Left Margin & Bold)
You should include information about who the participants will be in your study. How
many participants will be in your study? How will participants be recruited for your
study? Summarize whether you will place ads in the newspaper, recruit online, by email, ,
social media, ask for volunteers in class, and so on. Where will you obtain them from?
Summarize the different groups you might want or expect to be in your study (i.e.,
women/men, ethnicity, SES, etc.)?
4
Procedure (Left Margin & Bold)
Include all of the details about what participants will experience in your study. You
should include enough detail that someone could conduct your study using your paper as
a guide. The order of this section should be the order of activities that participants will
experience. You should use the future tense throughout this section.
What will be the setting of the study (where will it take place)? What instructions will
you give participants? Include a short script if the wording is important to your
procedure. Explain the general plan for the protection of human subjects (i.e.,
risks/benefits, minimizing of risk, submission of application to IRB) and especially how
the letter of consent will be administered and collected.
It may be appropriate to include other subsections after this one as well.
Potential Subsections of Procedure Section:
Measures (Left Margin & Bold)
In this paragraph, briefly outline the measures that will be used in the study, including
any and all surveys, interviews, or observation grids. Each instrument should be
discussed like the example below in more detail under separate subheadings. Bold and
indent the name of the instrument once to the right, as seen in the example. For this
paragraph, in particular, include why the instrument is considered to be valid and/or
reliable and what it will be used for in the proposed study. Include citations for reliability
and validity information, as well as for the measure. Be sure these citations are in the
reference section.
Example:
Stress Questionnaire. Chronic life stress over a 6-month period will be assed with the
CRISYS (Shalowitz, et al., 1998) stress measure. The CRISYS was developed for use in
contemporary, urban environments. The measure contains 11 content domains (financial,
legal, career, relationship, safety in the home, safety in the community, medical issues,
home issues, difficulty with authority and prejudice). Items are responded to on a 5-point
Likert scale (1=Strongly Disagree to 5= Strongly Agree), with a higher total score
equaling more life stress. The measure has been found to have good test-retest reliability
(over a two-week period) and strong face, content, and construct validity (Shalowitz, et
al., 1998).
Other Potential Subsection of Procedure:
Apparatus and Materials (Left Margin & Bold)
The apparatus is any equipment used during data collection (such as computers or eye-
tracking devices). Materials include scripts or software used for data collection (not data
analysis). It is sometimes necessary to provide specific examples of materials or prompts,
depending on the nature of your study. Be specific as to make and model for apparatus.
5
Data Analysis
(ONLY INCLUDE IN THE FINAL DRAFT)
(Bold and Centered)
In this section, you will explain the planned statistical analysis strategy. Include a
discussion of what statistics or analytical tools will be used for analyzing the data; such
as ANOVA, correlation, t-test, etc., being specific as to what the independent and
dependent variables are in the analysis. You will also include the results of the power
analysis for your study, indicating the projected number of participants needed for your
study.
References
(Bold and Centered)
End with the reference section. It should include a list of all studies referenced in the
body of the paper, including those used in the Method section.
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2
Que heredaste? How Acculturative Experiences Impacts the Epigenome: A Transgenerational Look at Depression Within the Latinx Population
STUDENT NAME
School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Mercy College
PSYN 616: Statistics & Research Methodology I
Dr. Kimberly Rapoza
November 5th, 2020
Abstract
In this study, Lamarck’s theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics is used to explore how acculturative stress impacts transgenerational depression within the Latinx population. This exploration supports the creation and use of an intergenerational model framework, looking at various dimensions of acculturative stress as possible contributing factors to depression. In this within-subjects, cross sectional study, 100 participants will be studied. This study is composed of six different surveys and questionnaires assessing for acculturative stress experiences in at least two different generations, depression, trauma, criminality, demographics and attitudes about mental health care. This study will serve as a pilot study looking at the psychological and epidemiological factors that contribute to transgenerational depression within the Latinx population related to acculturative stress. This examination is done with the goal of establishing significant correlations that would demonstrate the need to incorporate further biological measures to test epigenetic mechanisms involved in depression related to acculturative stress.
Que heredaste? How Acculturative Experiences Impacts the Epigenome: A Transgenerational Look at Depression Within the Latinx Population
Prior to Charles Darwin’s commonly known theory of natural selection (1858), in 1802, French Naturalist and Zoologist, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck presented the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics – the first comprehensive theory of organic evolution, where he claimed that life had been successfully developed over vast periods of time (Burkhardt, 2013). In this explanation, Lamarck states that nature presents an inexhaustible amount of different circumstances that enable all species to change over large periods of time (Burkhardt, 2013). Some of these influential circumstances include variations in the atmosphere, the environment, habits, actions, self-preservation, self-defense, diet and multiplication and that these changes “conserve and propagate themselves by generation” (Burkhardt, 2013, p.?). In this theory, Lamarck essentially states that humans are shaped by their interaction with the environment, and that certain changes remain or become permanently embedded in the way humans function and that these changes are passed down to successive generations. This theory sets the foundations for what we know today as the study of epigenetics.
Evidence of Lamarck’s theory can be seen throughout the course of human history. By nature, human beings have historically been nomadic, migrating from place to place following paths to food, shelter, and water as a means of survival. With time, they progressively developed different technologies and tools for sustained survival, some of the most impactful being the development of agriculture and later industrialization. With the development of agriculture, humans changed aspects of their nomadic nature and began to settle in different locations, establishing stability and security. With the help of the technology of the time, they developed and became more advanced and richer in resources. This effectively led to humans not having to migrate as much for basic needs, additionally, it led to the development of a more stable and sophisticated society, where Nation-States were created and the beginnings of culture, organized law and the formation of different institutions helped to advance society to its current state. Throughout the progression of all of these historical phases, humans have been exposed to war, famine, disease, and injustice, some of which, still remains and are experienced today. However, humans have shown great adaptation and resilience through many obstacles, challenges and threats to their survival, always overcoming and adapting to the everchanging world.
Even with society’s great advancements over the course of history, humans have never stopped migrating as a general means of survival or in search of progression. Reasons for migrating can vary in nature but often commonly involve the search for better opportunities, freedom and escape from unstable and dangerous political conditions. The act of migration results in the process of acculturation. Acculturation is the multidimensional bidirectional process through which a person or group from one culture, experiences cultural and psychological change, affecting core beliefs, following contact with other cultural groups (Castillo et al., 2015; D’Anna-Hernandez et al., 2015). The process of acculturation lends itself to a variety of specific cultural stressors which among many other health effects, contributes to higher rates of depression (Castillo et al., 2015; D’Anna-Hernandez et al., 2015).
Current literature shows how acculturative experiences impact mental health (Alegria et al., 2019; Amado at al., 2020; Castillo et al., 2015; Driscoll & Torres, 2013). Others report on how rates of depression and other mental and physiological health outcomes are higher in successive generations (Breslau et al., 2007; Fox, Entringer, et al., 2015; Fox, Thayer, et al. 2018). Additional studies report on how the impacts of acculturation on mental health can affect the epigenome and be passed down transgenerationally (Breslau et al., 2007; D’Anna-Hernandez et al., 2015; Fox et al., 2018; Preciado & D’Anna-Hernandez, 2017).
Using Lamarck’s theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, this paper will explore how acculturative stress impacts transgenerational depression within the Latinx population and supports the creation and use of an intergenerational model framework as proposed in earlier related literature, looking at various dimensions of acculturative stress as possible contributing factors to depression (Fox et al. 2018).
To synthesize this research the following topics will be discussed: A brief overview of epigenetics, acculturative stress and transgenerational depression, supporting the current need for the creation of a holistic, integrative, multidimensional, intergenerational model which would examine all of the contributing factors associated with the potential impact of acculturative stressors on the epigenome. Due to the circumstantial limitations of the current COVID-19 epidemic, this study will serve as a pilot study with the goal of establishing significant correlations that would demonstrate the need to incorporate further biological measures in future studies to test epigenetic mechanisms involved in depression related to acculturative stress.
Literature Review
A Brief Overview of Epigenetics
For centuries, the existing dichotomous paradigm of “Nature vs. Nurture” has been used in many approaches and explanations of scientific research across many disciplines. The idea that our genes are cemented and dictate who we become, and the outcomes of our health have been longstanding. In the last several decades, recent developments in the study of epigenetics have begun to challenge and shift this paradigm to show the relationship between nature and nurture as a false dichotomy, proving the symbiotic nature of the relationship between biology (“nature”) and our environment (“nurture”) (Cloud, 2010). Environmental factors in our lifestyle and behavior have the ability to make an imprint on our genes and are passed from one generation to the next through epigenetic mechanisms (Cloud, 2010; Gonzalez-Pardo & Perez Alvarez, 2013).
Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene activity representing a biological response to an environmental stressor, which alter patterns of gene expression and get passed down to successive generations (Cloud, 2010; Gonzalez-Pardo & Perez Alvarez, 2013). The prefix Epi, means above, so the terms epigenetics or epigenome literally refers to the function of the genetic material that sits on top of our genes, regulating them, telling them to turn on or off in accordance with how we interact with our environment (Cloud, 2010). Its usefulness requires an interdisciplinary approach in psych
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