18 Oct The most important advantage of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) over the light microscope (LM) is its higher resolution.
Cellular Form and Function
1. The most important advantage of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) over the light microscope (LM) is its higher resolution.
True False
2. If a cell doubled in diameter, it would have twice as much cytoplasm to maintain. True False
3. In the plasma membrane, glycolipids and glycoproteins face toward the cytoplasm, while peripheral
proteins always face toward the ECF. True False
4. A cell’s second messengers serve to transport material through cellular membranes.
True False
5. Microvilli and cilia differ in their function, but have the same internal structure. True False
6. Ligand-gated ion channels are membrane proteins that open or close in response to the binding of a
chemical. True False
7. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion rate.
True False
8. Na+-K+ ATPase is a countertransport antiport carrier, which always requires energy. True False
9. The sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLT) is one example of an active transport process involving a
uniport carrier. True False
10. One example of pinocytosis is the uptake of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) by endothelial cells.
True False
11. Both the nucleus and the mitochondrion are surrounded by a two layer membrane. True False
12. In most cells, the nucleus is the largest organelle. True False
13. Ribosomes are made of proteins and RNA.
True False
14. The Golgi complex makes peroxisomes, but not lysosomes. True False
15. A crystal of calcium phosphate in the cytoplasm of a cell should be classified as an inclusion. True False
Multiple Choice Questions
16. Which of the following statements is not a tenet of modern cell theory?
A. An organism’s structure and all of its functions are ultimately due to the activities of its cells.
B. All cells come only from preexisting cells.
C. All cells occupy space.
D. All organisms are composed of cells and cell products.
E. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
17. Cells were first discovered when a scientist named observed cell walls in cork under a microscope.
A. Robert Hooke
B. Theodor Schwann
C. Louis Pastuer
D. Galen
E. Galileo
18. Cells that are thick in the middle and tapered toward the end are called cells.
A. squamous
B. stellate
C. columnar
D. spheroid
E. fusiform
19. Most human cells range from 10 to 15 micrometers in diameter. What limits how large a cell can get?
A. A cell’s lifespan
B. Nutrients available in the environment of a cell
C. The relationship between its volume and length
D. The relationship between its length and surface area
E. The relationship between its volume and surface area
20. The fluid outside of a cell is called .
A. cytosol
B. intracellular fluid
C. extracellular fluid
D. cytoplasm
E. nucleoplasm
21. Which of the following is not one of the three basic components of a cell?
A. Cytoplasm
B. Nucleus
C. Plasma membrane
D. Interstitial fluid
22. The flat-shaped cells found covering the skin are in shape.
A. cuboidal
B. columnar
C. cylindrical
D. squamous
E. spherical
23. Although the transmission electron microscope (TEM) can magnify much more than a light microscope, even at identical magnifications the TEM has the advantage of .
A. being able to produce photographs of the specimen
B. being able to work in a vacuum
C. being able to show individual molecules
D. producing higher resolution
E. working better with thinner tissue specimens
24. The most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane are .
A. glycolipids
B. phospholipids
C. prostaglandins
D. proteins
E. cholesterol molecules
25. Membrane proteins that bind to signals by which cells communicate are called .
A. receptors
B. enzymes
C. carriers
D. cell-identity markers
E. cell-adhesion molecules
26. A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. This property is called .
A. selectivity
B. specificity
C. efficac
y
D. saturation
E. fidelity
27. In its second-messenger role, cAMP activates enzymes called , whose job is to regulate other enzymes by adding phosphate groups to them.
A. transmembrane proteins
B. peripheral proteins
C. kinases
D. glycocalyx
E. blockers
28. Most transmembrane proteins have regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and
regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.
A. hydrophilic; hydrophilic
B. hydrophilic; hydrophobic
C. hydrophobic; hydrophobic
D. hydrophobic; hydrophilic
E. lipophilic; lipophobic
29. Channel protein gates respond to all these stimuli except .
A. chemical messengers
B. ligands
C. changes in electrical potential (voltage) across a cellular membrane
D. physical deformation of a cellular membrane
E. water in the extracellular fluid
30. In the glycocalyx, act like identification tags that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign and diseased cells.
A. glycoproteins
B. lipoproteins
C. cholesterol molecules
D. phospholipids
E. cell-adhesion molecules
31. The fuzzy coat of carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that functions in cell identification is called the .
A. brush border
B. glycocalyx
C. cholesterol coat
D. phospholipid bilayer
E. cell-adhesion molecule
32. provide motility to a sperm cell, act as sensory “antennae” in many cells, and
increase a cell’s surface area.
A. Cilia; microvilli; flagella
B. Microvilli; cilia; flagella
C. Microvilli; flagella; cilia
D. Flagella; microvilli; cilia
E. Flagella; cilia; microvilli
33. The plasma membrane of cells lining the small intestine has , which are specialized for absorption of nutrients.
A. flagella
B. cilia
C. microvilli
D. a glycocalyx
E. dynein arms
34. Proteins that do not protrude into the phospholipid bilayer, but adhere to the surface of the plasma membrane, are called
A. peripheral proteins
B. channel proteins
C. glycoproteins
D. integral proteins
E. transmembrane proteins
35. A protein that is bound to a carbohydrate is called a .
A. phosphoprotein
B. proteocalyx
C. glycoprotein
D. lipoprotein
E. phospholipid
36. The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called .
A. proteoglycans
B. glycolipids
C. glycoproteins
D. phospholipids
E. lipoproteins
37. ATP is consumed when transfer solutes from one side of the membrane to the other.
A. receptors
B. pumps
C. cell-adhesion molecules
D. channels
E. cell-identity markers
38. Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solute than solution B, then .
A. the solute will pass down its concentration gradient from solution A to B
B. the solute will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A
C. water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution A to B
D. water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A
E. neither the solute nor water will diffuse
39. is the process in which forces water and small solutes, such as salts, through narrow clefts between capillary cells.
A. Filtration; hydrostatic pressure
B. Osmosis; hydrostatic pressure
C. Active transport; osmotic pressure
D. Active transport; hydrostatic pressure
E. Osmosis; osmotic pressure
40. Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called , but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called
A. osmosis; water pumps
B. osmosis; aquaporins
C. osmosis; uniport
D. filtration; aquaporins
E. filtration; water pumps
41. Insulin is taken up, via endocytosis, by the endothelial cells that line blood capillaries. Then, it’s transported across the cell to the other side, where it is released. This transport is called .
A. pinocytosis
B. receptor-mediated phagocytosis
C. passive transport
D. facilitated transport
E. transcytosis
42. Sodium and glucose are transported together from the intestinal lumen into an intestinal cell. The carrier protein is a(n) and the process is called .
A. symport; cotransport
B. symport; countertransport
C. antiport; countertransport
D. antiport; cotransport
E. uniport; facilitated diffusion
43. The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium their concentration gradients in a process called .
A. up; active transport
B. up; facilitated transport
C. up; cotransport
D. down; active transport
E. down; countertransport
44. A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. This means the concentration of solutes in the solution is than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid, and will cause the cell to
A. higher; swell
B. lower; swell
C. higher; shrink
D. lower; shrink
E. lower; burst
45. What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common?
A. Both involve transport of a solute up its concentration gradient.
B. Both involve transport of a solute down its concentration gradient.
C. Both involve the use of energy provided by ATP.
D. Neither require ATP to function.
E. Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport.
46. The number of particles of a solute in a solution is described by its . The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell is referred to as its .
A. tonicity; osmolarity
B. osmolarity; diffusion
C. osmolarity; tonicity
D. osmolarity; molarity
E. tonicity; diffusion
47. Which of the following processes could occur only through a cellular membrane?
A. Facilitated diffusion
B. Simple diffusion
C. Filtration
D. Osmosis
E. Active transport
48. Which of the following is not a method by which particles can leave a cell?
A. Active transport
B. Exocytosis
C. Simple diffusion
D. An antiport system
E. Pinocytosis
49. White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of .
A. phagocytosis
B. cotransport
C. pinocytosis
D. active transport
E. receptor-mediated endocytosis
50. Which of the following is not a function of the Na+-K+ pump?
A. Heat production
B. Transport of Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell
C. Secondary active transport
D. Regulation of cell volume
E. Maintenance of membrane potential
51. The term refers to a membrane that allows some things to pass through it, but not others.
A. selectively permeable
B. glycocalyx
C. phospholipid bilayer
D. specificity
E. carrier-mediated
52. Cellular membranes are permeable to , but impermeable to .
A. nutrients; wastes
B. proteins; nutrients
C. phosphates; wastes
D. nutrients; proteins
E. wastes; nutrients
53. A patient was severely dehydrated, losing a large amount of fluid. The patient was given intravenous fluids of normal saline. Normal saline is to your blood cells and is about NaCl.
A. isotonic; 9%
B. isotonic; 0.9%
C. hypertonic; 9%
D. hypotonic; 0.9%
E. hypotonic; 9%
54. Which of these is an example of active transport?
A. Diffusion of oxygen from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration
B. Facilitated diffusion of K+
C. Transport of glucose down its concentration gradient
D. Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration
E. Transport of Cl- following its concentration gradient
55. Which of these brings nonspecific material into a cell?
A. Phagocytosis
B. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
C. Transcytosis
D. Pinocytosis
E. Exocytosis
56. Which of the following is not a membranous organelle?
A. Mitochondria
B. Ribosome
C. Nucleus
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
E. Golgi complex
57. Among other functions, hepatocytes (liver cells) are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of .
A. DNA
B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C. microtubules
D. cilia
E. centrioles
58. What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?
A. Exocytosis
B. Active transport
C. Ciliary action
D. Protein synthesis
E. Osmosis
59. What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death?
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Nucleus
C. Centriole
D. Lysosome
E. Mitochondrion
60. Muscle cells contain numerous to serve their high demand for ATP.
A. ribosomes
B. lysosomes
C. mitochondria
D. inclusions
E. Golgi vesicles
61. Which organelle synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C. Nucleus
D. Mitchondrion
E. Golgi complex
62. play an important role in cell division, and they are made of .
A. Mitochondria; microtubules
B. Ribosomes; intermediate filaments
C. Nucleoli; microfilaments
D. Centrioles; microtubules
E. Inclusions; centrosomes
63. synthesize(s) carbohydrates and put(s) finishing touches on proteins synthesized at
A. Smooth ER; rough ER
B. The Golgi complex; rough ER
C. Smooth ER; the Golgi complex
D. The Golgi complex; smooth ER
E. Ribosomes; smooth ER
64. decompose fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and drugs.
A. Lysosomes
B. Microvilli
C. Inclusions
D. Peroxisomes
E. Golgi vesicles
65. Which of the following organelles is not involved in protein synthesis?
A. Smooth ER
B. Rough ER
C. The Golgi complex
D. The nucleus
E. Ribosomes
66. Which of the following gives a cell structural support, determines the shape of a cell, and directs the movement of substances through a cell?
A. Cholesterol
B. The nucleus
C. The plasma membrane
D. The Golgi complex
E. The cytoskeleton
67. Which of the following is not associated with the composition of the cytoskeleton?
A. Microfilaments
B. Microtubules
C. Cilia
D. Intermediate filaments
E. Terminal web
68. Which of the following organelles sorts, cuts, splices, and packages newly formed proteins intomembrane- bound vesicles?
A. Smooth ER
B. Rough ER
C. Golgi complex
D. Mitochondrion
E. Nucleolus
69. Which of the following is a double-membraned organelle consisting of a matrix and cristae?
A. Mitochondrion
B. Rough ER
C. Smooth ER
D. Golgi complex
E. Nucleolus
70. Which of the following is not considered an inclusion?
A. Lysosome
B. Fat droplet
C. Glycogen granule
D. Bacterium
E. Dust particle
71. Accumulated cell products that are never enclosed in a unit membrane are called .
A. organelles
B. inclusions
C. microtubules
D. microfilaments
E. centrioles
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