18 Oct Race and ethnicity tend to overlap with nativity and religion.

Race and ethnicity tend to overlap with nativity and religion.

 

  True

 

  False

 

Question 2In the United States, breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among females.

 

  True

 

  False

 

Question 3The human biological clock phenomenon is linked to place variation in diseases.

 

  True

 

  False

 

Question 4Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among both males and females in the United States.

 

  True

 

  False

 

Question 5One of three main purposes of descriptive epidemiology is to aid in the creation of hypotheses.

 

  True

 

  False

 

Question 6Age-specific and age-adjusted mortality rates by sex in the United States generally show the following sex difference(s):

 

  Rates for males are equal to rates for females during the first 5 years of life.

 

  Rates for males are equal to rates for females during the first 5 years of life, and rates for males are higher than rates for females from age 6 to age 85 and older.

 

  Rates for males are higher than rates for females from birth to age 85 and older.

 

  Rates for males are higher than rates for females from age 6 to age 85 and older.

 

  Rates for females are higher than rates for males from birth to age 85 and older.

 

Question 7High rates of mortality from hypertension found among African Americans may be due to:

 

  lack of participation in risk reduction programs.

 

  All are correct.

 

  obesity.

 

  dietary factors and obesity.

 

  dietary factors.

 

Question 8The descriptive epidemiologic variable AGE is related to:

 

  mortality from unintentional injuries.

 

  All are correct.

 

  the occurrence of chronic disease.

 

  homicides and suicides.

 

  congenital malformations and infectious disease incidence in childhood.

 

Question 9Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include:

 

  greater frequency of smoking among men.

 

  higher prevalence of coronary-prone behavior among women.

 

  greater risk taking by women.

 

  greater risk taking by women and higher prevalence of coronary-prone behavior among women.

 

Question 10Studies of nativity and migration have reported that:

 

  some migrants have inadequate immunization status with respect to vaccine-preventable diseases.

 

  immunization programs in developing countries have been highly successful.

 

  diseases found in less developed regions are no longer a problem in the United States.

 

  admission rates of foreign-born persons to mental hospitals were lower than for native-born persons.

 

Question 11Large international variations in rates of infectious and communicable diseases as well as other conditions are most likely explained by:

 

  access to health care.

 

  national dietary habits.

 

  differences in climate.

 

  All are correct.

 

  differences in cultural factors.

 

Question 12A null hypothesis is most similar to which of the following?

 

  Implicit question

 

  Negative declaration

 

  Positive declaration

 

  None of these is correct.

 

Question 13Which of Mill’s four canons suggests that there is an association between frequency of disease and the potency of a causative factor?

 

 

 

  Concomitant variation

 

  Difference

 

  Agreement

 

  Residues

 

Question 14Which of the following statements about case clustering is incorrect.

 

  It has been shown for angiosarcoma and vaginal carcinoma.

 

  It is of indeterminate significance for rare diseases, because clusters may occur by chance alone.

 

  It is called temporal clustering for geographic concentrations of cases.

 

  It suggests common exposure of a group of people to an etiologic agent.

 

Question 15 Match the following terms with their correct definition.

 

Case clustering

 

The response of a group of people circumscribed in a place to a common etiologic factor to which they were exposed almost simultaneously.

 

 An unusual aggregation of health events grouped together in space or time.

 

Common source epidemic

 

An outbreak due to exposure of a group of persons to the same noxious influence.

 

Continuous common source epidemic

 

An outbreak that lasts longer than the time span of a single incubation period and is caused by a common source of exposure.

 

Cyclic fluctuations

 

An unusual aggregation of health events grouped together in space or time.

 

  Increases and decreases in the frequency of diseases over a period of years or within each year.

 

You Answered

 

Point epidemic

 

Increases and decreases in the frequency of diseases over a period of years or within each year.

 

  The response of a group of people circumscribed in a place to a common etiologic factor to which they were exposed almost simultaneously.

 

Question 16When cross-tabulating two variables, it is conventional to:

 

  Assign both the dependent and independent variables to rows.

 

  Represent the dependent variable in rows and the independent variable in columns.

 

  Assign both the dependent and independent variables to columns.

 

  Represent the independent variable in rows and the dependent variable in columns.

 

Question 17How would you use the drop-down menus in SPSS to generate a frequency table?

 

  Open the output viewer and click on Save As > Pie Chart

 

  Click on Graphs > Frequencies > Pearson

 

  Open the variable viewer and recode the value labels

 

  Click on Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies

 

Question 18In the data editor, what does each row represent?

 

  Data relating to independent variables

 

  Data relating to the same entity

 

  Data relating to different entities

 

  Data relating to dependent variables

 

Question 19In the data editor, you see that the label given to one column is ‘body temperature’. What type of data is contained within this column?

 

  Syntax data

 

  SPSS data

 

  Entity data

 

  Variable data

 

Question 20What is the correct way to record non-numerical values?

 

  Define the variable as ‘date’.

 

  Define the variable as ‘string’.

 

  Recode all the values as numbers.

 

  You can’t, SPSS only uses numbers.

 

Question 21To generate a correlation coefficient between two variables with ordinal data, which set of instructions should you give SPSS?

 

  Analyze > Compare Means > ANOVA table > First layer > Spearman > OK

 

  Analyze > Correlate > Bivariate > [select variables] > Spearman > OK

 

  Analyze > Crosstabs > Descriptive Statistics > Spearman > OK

 

  Graphs > Frequencies > [select variables]> Spearman > OK

 

Question 22What does the operation ‘Recode into Different Variables’ do to the data?

 

  Replaces missing data with some random scores.

 

  Reverses the position of the independent and dependent variable on a graph.

 

  Represents the data in the form of a pie chart.

 

  Redistributes a range of values into a new set of categories and creates a new variable.

 

Question 23What might be an appropriate way to deal with missing data?

 

  Ignore them.

 

  Define missing values using the recode function.

 

  Go back to the participant and demand an answer.

 

  Start the study again, taking more care with data recording.

 

Question 24In SPSS, what is the data view window?

 

  A table summarizing the frequencies of data for one variable.

 

  A screen in which variables can be defined and labelled.

 

  A spreadsheet into which data can be entered.

 

  A dialog box that allows you to choose a statistical test.

 

Question 25What is the advantage of using SPSS over calculating statistics by hand?

 

  All are correct.

 

  It equips you with a useful transferable skill.

 

  Quantitative data analysis is so complex today it is essential to use a stats package.

 

  It reduces the chance of making errors in your calculations.