18 Oct Mesoderm gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood.

1. Mesoderm gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood. True   False

 

2. Columnar cells lining the small intestine have a brush border of microvilli on the apical surface.

 

True   False

 

3. Nonkeratinized cells exfoliate from the surface of the skin. True   False

 

4. In an epithelium, there is almost no extracellular matrix.

 

True   False

 

5. The clear gel that usually surrounds cells is called interstitial fluid. True   False

 

6. Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs.

 

True   False

 

7. Blood consists of cells and a ground substance made of formed elements. True   False

 

8. Plasma cells produce the ground substance that forms the matrix of connective tissues.

 

True   False

 

9. Excitable cells respond to outside stimuli by means of changes in plasma membrane shape. True   False

 

10. Smooth and cardiac muscles are under involuntary control.

 

True   False

 

11. Dendrites in a neuron send outgoing signals to other cells. True   False

 

12. Desmosomes are more effective than tight junctions in preventing substances from passing between cells. True   False

 

13. The duct of an endocrine gland leads into the bloodstream rather than onto an epithelial surface. True   False

 

14. The secretory product of a gland is produced by its parenchyma, not its stroma.

 

True   False

 

15. Scar tissue helps to hold an organ together but does not restore normal function of the damaged tissue. True   False

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

16. The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except             tissue.

 

A. connective

 

B. fibrous

 

C. nervous

 

D. epithelial

 

E. muscular

 

17. The gives rise to the                .

 

A. mesoderm; digestive glands

 

B. endoderm; muscular system and skeletal system

 

C. ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis

 

D. endoderm; mesoderm

 

E. mesoderm; endoderm

 

18. The clear gel inside a cell is called       .

 

A. matrix

 

B. ground substance

 

C. interstitial fluid

 

D. cytosol

 

E. tissue fluid

 

19. A thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called a      .

 

A. fixative

 

B. histological section

 

C. sprea d

 

D. stain

 

E. smear

 

20. The histological section that divides a specimen along its long axis is called a(n)            section.

 

A. cross

 

B. oblique

 

C. transverse

 

D. sagittal

 

E. longitudinal

 

21. The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of                tissue.

 

A. interstitial

 

B. muscle

 

C. adipose

 

D. epithelial

 

E. nervous

 

22. An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called               epithelium.

 

A. stratified squamous

 

B. stratified cuboidal

 

C. simple cuboidal

 

D. simple columnar

 

E. pseudostratified columnar

 

23. The basement membrane is found between               and        .

 

A. epithelium; connective tissue

 

B. epithelium; extracellular material

 

C. epithelium; intracellular material

 

D. extracellular material; intracellular material

 

E. interstitial fluid; extracellular fluid

 

24. Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through

 

                epithelium.

 

A. simple squamous

 

B. simple cuboidal

 

C. simple columnar

 

D. keratinized stratified squamous

 

E. nonkeratinized stratified squamous

 

25. Most kidney tubules are made of      epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion.

 

A. simple columnar

 

B. stratified columnar

 

C. pseudostratified columnar

 

D. simple cuboidal

 

E. stratified cuboidal

 

26.          epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas       epithelium is rare.

 

A. Simple columnar; stratified columnar

 

B. Stratified squamous; stratified columnar

 

C. Pseudostratified; stratified squamous

 

D. Simple cuboidal; stratified squamous

 

E. Stratified squamous; simple squamous

 

27. Some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have              cells, which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes.

 

A. fibrous

 

B. blood

 

C. basal

 

D. keratinized

 

E. goblet

 

28. A brush border of microvilli is found in            epithelium, which can be found in the   .

 

A. pseudostratified; nasal cavity

 

B. simple cuboidal; esophagus

 

C. simple columnar; small intestine

 

D. stratified squamous; anal canal

 

E. stratified squamous; esophagus

 

29. All cells in      epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.

 

A. pseudostratified columnar

 

B. simple columnar

 

C. stratified columnar

 

D. stratified cuboidal

 

E. stratified squamous

 

30. Found in the urinary bladder,              epithelium resembles    epithelium, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened.

 

A. transitional; stratified squamous

 

B. stratified squamous; pseudostratified

 

C. stratified squamous; stratified columnar

 

D. simple columnar; pseudostratified

 

E. transitional; simple cuboidal

 

31.          epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as seen in the                              .

 

A. Transitional; tongue

 

B. Keratinized; tongue

 

C. Nonkeratinized; skin

 

D. Keratinized; skin

 

E. Nonkeratinized; vagina

 

32.          epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas

 

                epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion.

 

A. Simple columnar; transitional

 

B. Simple squamous; stratified squamous

 

C. Simple cuboidal; pseudostratified

 

D. Pseudostratified; simple squamous

 

E. Pseudostratified; simple cuboidal

 

 

 

33. Which of the following is not a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common?

 

A. Most cells are not in direct contact with each other.

 

B. Ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope.

 

C. Cells usually occupy less space than the extracellular material.

 

D. Protein fibers are usually present in the ground substance.

 

E. Most connective tissues are highly vascular.

 

34. An example of a highly vascular tissue is         tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is            .

 

A. epithelial; cartilage

 

B. muscular; osseous tissue

 

C. dense regular connective; dense irregular connective tissue

 

D. areolar; cartilage

 

E. nervous; osseous tissue

 

35. Which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common?

 

A. Very conspicuous fibers

 

B. The presence of fibroblasts

 

C. The presence of collagen

 

D. Ground substance with a gelatinous to rubbery consistency

 

E. A calcified matrix

 

36. The shape of a person’s external ear is due to the presence of            .

 

A. dense regular connective tissue

 

B. dense irregular connective tissue

 

C. elastic cartilage

 

D. fibrocartilage

 

E. ligaments

 

37. Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue?

 

A. Reticular tissue

 

B. Hyaline cartilage

 

C. Dense regular connective tissue

 

D. Dense irregular connective tissue

 

E. Areolar tissue

 

38. New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed andreleased into the circulation by the cells found in  .

 

A. blood

 

B. fibrous connective tissue

 

C. adipose tissue

 

D. reticular tissue

 

E. transitional tissue

 

39. The rubbery matrix of cartilage is secreted by              , whereas            produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue.

 

A. chondroblasts; plasma cells

 

B. mast cells; fibroblasts

 

C. osteocytes; chondroblasts

 

D. chondroblasts; fibroblasts

 

E. adipocytes; plasma cells

 

40. Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have    .

 

A. hyperextensible joints

 

B. a small cranium

 

C. elastic bones

 

D. stronger bones

 

E. viscous blood

 

41. Which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance?

 

A. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

 

B. Proteoglycans

 

C. Chondroitin sulfate

 

D. Hyaluronic acid

 

E. Collagen

 

42. Collagenous fibers are very abundant in         .

 

A. blood and hyaline cartilage

 

B. blood, adipose tissue, and osseous tissue

 

C. ligaments, bones, and the most superficial portion of the skin

 

D. tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin

 

E. areolar tissue, tongue, and bones

 

43. Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both           and        .

 

A. dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues

 

B. plasma; formed elements

 

C. elastic cartilage; hyaline cartilage

 

D. spongy bone; compact (dense) bone

 

E. adipose tissue; reticular tissue

 

44. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including  .

 

A. helping to transfer charges in the nervous system

 

B. holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance

 

C. giving bone its brittle, inorganic structure

 

D. providing the major structural support of tendons and ligaments

 

E. acting as an energy reserve for muscle contraction

 

45. Blood functions to    .

 

A. allow for heart contraction and relaxation

 

B. store energy for the heart

 

C. provide support to the heart

 

D. line the heart chambers

 

E. transport nutrients to the tissues

 

46.          exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes.

 

A. Blood

 

B. Areolar tissue

 

C. Osseous tissue

 

D. Dense irregular connective tissue

 

E. Adipose tissue

 

47.          tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential.

 

A. Excitable

 

B. Responsive

 

C. Adipose

 

D. Epithelial

 

E. Connective

 

48. Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and            .

 

A. fibroblasts

 

B. chondrocytes

 

C. neuroglia

 

D. myocytes

 

E. osteocytes

 

49. Astronauts in zero gravity are able to move food through their digestive tracts because          .

 

A. smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract

 

B. skeletal muscle puts pressure on the digestive tract

 

C. cardiac muscle maintains a high pressure that moves material through the digestive tract

 

D. striated muscle creates a pressure gradient that forces material from one end of the digestive tract tothe other

 

E. skeletal muscle sphincters contract and allow materials to move through the digestive tract

 

50. Skeletal muscle is described as           .

 

A. striated and voluntary

 

B. striated and involuntary

 

C. nonstriated and voluntary

 

D. nonstriated and involuntary

 

E. fibrous and containing ground substance

 

51. A connective tissue fiber refers to a(n)           , a nerve fiber refers to a(n)        , and a muscle fiber refers to a(n)             .

 

A. entire cell; organelle; tissue

 

B. organelle; entire cell; part of a cell

 

C. organelle; entire cell; complex of macromolecules

 

D. complex of macromolecules; entire cell; part of a cell

 

E. complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell

 

52. In the intestine,         ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them.

 

A. the plasma membrane

 

B. desmosomes

 

C. tight junctions

 

D. gap (communicating) junctions

 

E. ground substance

 

53.          secrete into        .

 

 

 

A. Goblet cells; mucus; the blood

 

B. Endocrine glands; hormones; ducts

 

C. Exocrine glands; hormones; ducts

 

D. Endocrine glands; hormones; the blood

 

E. Exocrine glands; mucus; the blood

 

54. Mucin is secreted by               glands, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product.

 

                glands produce a relatively watery fluid.

 

A. mucous; serous

 

B. merocrine; holocrine

 

C. apocrine; mixed

 

D. endocrine; exocrine

 

E. serous; mucous

 

55.          glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis.

 

                glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products.

 

A. Endocrine; Exocrine

 

B. Mucous; Serous

 

C. Exocrine; Apocrine

 

D. Mucous; Cutaneous

 

E. Merocrine; Holocrine

 

56. Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as

 

                glands.

 

A. areolar

 

B. simple acinar

 

C. simple coiled tubular

 

D. compound acinar

 

E. compound tubuloacinar

 

57. The membrane that lines the lumenal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists o

 

A. simple squamous epithelium and dense irregular connective tissue

 

B. areolar and dense irregular connective tissue

 

C. epithelium and lamina propria

 

D. areolar tissue and lamina propria

 

E. simple squamous epithelium and areolar tissue

 

58. Most membranes are composed of two or three tissue types. However, an example of an exception is the

 

                membrane.

 

A. mucous

 

B. serous

 

C. synovial

 

D. cutaneous

 

E. basement

 

59. The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called          .

 

A. the lamina propria

 

B. endothelium

 

C. a synovial membrane

 

D. a serous membrane (serosa)

 

E. a mucous membrane (mucosa)

 

60. After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to               of muscle cells.

 

A. hyperplasia

 

B. neoplasia

 

C. hypertrophy

 

D. metaplasia

 

E. atrophy

 

61. The middle primary germ layer is called          , which gives rise to a gelatinous material called

 

                , which then gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, and blood.

 

A. ectoderm; stem cells

 

B. mesoderm; mesenchyme

 

C. endoderm; mesenchyme

 

D. mesoderm; fibroblasts

 

E. ectoderm; mesenchyme

 

62. Most biologists see embryonic stem (ES) cells as a possible treatment for diseases that result from theloss of functional cells. This possibility is based on the fact that ES cells are               stem cells.

 

A. unipotent

 

B. multipotent

 

C. pluripotent

 

D. totipotent

 

E. omnipotent

 

63. The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. This is an example of              .

 

A. neoplasia

 

B. metaplasia

 

C. atrophy

 

D. differentiation

 

E. hyperplasia

 

64. With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages     .

 

A. release histamine to increase blood flow to the area

 

B. produce and secrete collagenous fibers

 

C. phagocytize and digest tissue debris

 

D. stimulate epithelial cells to multiply

 

E. make capillaries more permeable allowing white blood cells to migrate into the area

 

65. It is normal for breasts to shrink after lactation ceases. This is a consequence of          in human breast cells.

 

A. necrosis

 

B. apoptosis

 

C. atrophy

 

D. infarction

 

E. gangrene

 

66. The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called               .

 

A. necrosis

 

B. apoptosis

 

C. gangren e

 

D. regeneration

 

E. fibrosis

 

True / False Questions

 

67. Connective tissues contain abundant cells that are on contact with one another. True   False

 

68. Neurons are a major type of cell found in nervous tissue.

 

True   False

 

69. Most growth in childhood is the result of hyperplasia. True   False

 

70. Adult stem cells are usually pluripotent.

 

True   False

 

71. The process of a cell changing types to respond to its environment is called neoplasia. True   False

 

72. Rapid cell death caused by a complete cutting off of blood supply is called gangrene. True   False