08 Oct Reasoning is either fallacious (bad) or cogent (good).

Strategies for Decision Making

•             Question 1Words such as “because,” “since,” and “for” usually signal the presence of

                Question 2For the purposes of this course, an argument is a verbal altercation.

 

•             Question 3Reasoning is either fallacious (bad) or cogent (good).

 

•             Question 4There are two basic kinds of reasoning. The first is deductive, the second is

 

•             Question 5Bad reasoning is known as

 

                Question 6Good reasoning varies from person to person.

 

•             Question 7An argument is deductively valid if it is impossible for the conclusion to be  when the premises are

 

•             Question 8Our most important beliefs, taken together, make up our worldviews or philosophies.

 

•             Question 9This type of reasoning aims to show why something is .

 

•             Question 10Beliefs about human nature ought to make up a key component of our worldview.

 

 

 

HU260 Strategies for Decision Making

 

Week 2 Quiz   

 

Question 1Affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent are examples of deductively invalid argument forms.

 

Question 2An argument that contains three categorical propositions is known as:

 

Question 3This type of proposition asserts or denies a relationship between a subject class and predicate class.

 

Question 4This term refers to a statement that is  by definition

 

Question 5Describe the following kind of induction: all As observed so far are Bs, so all As whatsoever are Bs.

 

Question 6The truth values of contradictions and tautologies can be determined by deductive means alone.

 

Question 7The truth or falsity of contingent statements can be determined by deductive means alone.

 

Question 8Inductive reasoning is often used to discover causes and effects.

 

Question 9Concatenated reasoning is a type of deductive reasoning.

 

Question 10Analogical reasoning is a type of deductive reasoning.

 

 

 

HU260 Strategies for Decision Making

 

Week 3 Quiz   

 

Question 1This moral theory prioritizes the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

 

Question 2This moral theory prioritizes the fulfillment of one’s moral duty.

 

Question 3This moral theory prioritizes the fulfillment of one’s functions

 

Question 4This moral theory states that moral norms and values are dependent on one’s culture

 

Question 5Moral theories of this kind view morality as something we invent.

 

Question 6The principle of utility states that we ought to maximize the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people.

 

Question 7Objectivist moral theories view morality as something we discover.

 

Question 8Moral judgments are not prescriptive.

 

Question 9Moral theories are interpretive frameworks through which we view moral issues.

 

Question 10For the natural law theorist, “natural” refers to proper functioning.

 

 

 

HU260 Strategies for Decision Making

 

Week 4 Quiz   

 

•Question 1       Identify the fallacy: Misrepresenting someone’s position to make it easier to refute      

 

•Question 2       Identify the fallacy: Giving only two choices when more are possible                                      

 

•Question 3       Identify the fallacy: Assuming what you are trying to prove                                         

 

•Question 4       Identify the fallacy: Using the word of alleged authorities when there is not sufficient reason to believe that they have the information we week                                             

 

•Question 5       Identify the fallacy: Offering or accepting a token gesture in lieu of the real thing                             

 

•Question 6       Identify the fallacy: Arguing that something should be done because it has always been done that way                                

 

•Question 7       Identify the fallacy: Justifying a wrong by pointing to a similar wrong perpetrated by others

 

•Question 8       Identify the fallacy: Assuming an item has a certain property because all or most of its parts have that property                                             

 

•Question 9       Identify the fallacy:   Assuming that all or most parts of an item have a property because the whole item has it                                            

 

•Question 10     Identify the fallacy: An irrelevant attack on an opponent rather than on the opponent’s evidence or arguments                         

 

 

 

HU260 Strategies for Decision Making

 

Week 6 Quiz   

 

Question 1Loyalty and provincialism are related to prejudice.

 

Question 2Loyalty inclines us to see our own society and its beliefs in a more favorable light than the evidence may warrant.

 

Question 3Prejudice makes it easy and natural for us to believe what most others in our society believe.

 

Question 4Superstitions are beliefs supported by a large amount of evidence.

 

Question 5Pseudoscientific beliefs are those that help us deal successfully with everyday problems.

 

Question 6Rationalization, suppression, and denial are three forms of

 

Question 7Others who can be blamed for our own trouble and mistakes are known as

 

Question 8Believing what we want to believe despite stronger evidence to the contrary is known as

 

Question 9Viewing everything in terms of an “us against them” mindset is known as

 

Question 10Putting off until tomorrow what ought to be done today is known as

 

 

 

HU260 Strategies for Decision Making

 

Week 7 Quiz   

 

Question 1Although the mass media are a modestly good source of breaking news, smaller-scale outlets are much better at analysis, at supplying background information, and at investigative reporting.

 

Question 2There is no such thing as a “value free” approach to news media.

 

Question 3The Internet is shrinking while television news is growing.

 

Question 4Media power is not concentrated in the hands of giant media conglomerates.

 

Question 5Sometimes the media act as self-censors, either out of patriotic intent or to placate their audiences or advertisers.

 

Question 6Which of the following are examples of non-mass media

 

Question 7Which of the following are devices that may be used to facilitate objective reporting:

 

Question 8Which of the following can influence the way in which a story is reported

 

Question 9News reporting is supposed to be

 

Question 10Points of view can be conveyed via

 

 

 

HU260 Strategies for Decision Making

 

Week 8 Quiz   

 

Question 1Which of the following is an example of old media?

 

Question 2Which of the following is an example of new media?

 

Question 3The norms and modes of public discourse today are marked by which feature(s)

 

Question 4Which of the following is an example of a traditional gatekeeper?

 

Question 5New media allows journalists to

 

Question 6It is very important that we verify what we read on the internet.

 

Question 7Public life today is largely consistent in our attitudes toward privacy, celebrity, and anonymity.

 

Question 8We should not exaggerate the cultural, economic, or social benefits of the digital age until it reaches more people around the world.

 

Question 9The tone of contemporary media discourse is not a major cause for concern.

 

Question 10New media reinforces the grip that traditional gatekeepers have over media.

 

 

 

HU260 Strategies for Decision Making

 

Week 3 Midterm Exam

 

Question 1In your own words, explain the difference between validity and soundness.

 

Question 2In your own words, construct a syllogism showing that John has parents.

 

Major premise: Jack and Jane have three children.

 

Minor premise: John is one of Jack and Jane’s children.

 

Conclusion: Hence, John has parents.

 

Question 3In your own words, explain the difference between ethical reasoning that is deontological and ethical reason that is consequentialist.

 

Question 4What are the three requirements of cogent reasoning?

 

Question 5What is the difference between a descriptive premise and a prescriptive premise?

 

Question 6Identify the following argument form: If P, then Q. P, therefore Q.

 

Question 7Beliefs that are the most ingrained and most resistant to amendment of all of our background beliefs comprise our:

 

Question 8Choose the best answer that applies: Words such as “because,” “since,” “for,” “hence,” “therefore” and “so” are examples of:

 

Question 9The view that morality is independent of human opinion is known as:

 

Question 10“Flying on airplanes is probably safe because your chance of dying is lower than dying in a car accident” is an example of what kind of argument?

 

Question 11What distinguishes moral arguments from descriptive arguments?

 

Question 12What kind of argument works by assuming the opposite of what we want to prove in order to show its counterintuitive implications?

 

Question 13A statement that is necessarily  (i.e. it must be ) is known as a:

 

Question 14An argument containing three categorical propositions is known as a:

 

Question 15Identify the following kind of reasoning: “All X’s observed are Y’s. So, all X’s whatsoever are Y’s.”

 

Question 16Jack explains to John that it is wrong to lie because it violates the obligation to tell the truth. What kind of reasoning is Jack engaging in?

 

Question 17Jack explains to John that it is wrong to lie because he will get caught and lose his job. What kind of reasoning is Jack engaging in?

 

Question 18Reasoning that is in error is known as

 

Question 19Beliefs concerning the nature of human nature and the reliability of information sources are two kinds of:

 

Question 20Reasoning that is based off similarities between like cases is known as:

 

 

 

HU260 Strategies for Decision Making

 

Week 5 Proctored Exam

 

Question 1Even perfectly good statistics can be misused.

 

Question 2Polls can be misleading because of

 

Question 3Identify the fallacy: Labelling A as the cause of B on evidence that is insufficient, negative, unrepresentative, or in serious conflict with well-established high-level theories

 

Question 4Identify the fallacy: Employing statistics that are questionable without further support

 

Question 5ly accusing someone of fallacious reasoning is itself fallacious.

 

Question 6Identify the fallacy: Drawing an analogical conclusion when the cases compared are not alike, or when their similarity is not relevant to the conclusion drawn or when there is some crucial dissimilarity between them

 

Question 7Identify the fallacy: Drawing conclusions about a population on the basis of a sample that is too small to be a reliable measure of that population

 

Question 8Identify the fallacy: Accepting an argument on the basis of relevant but insufficient information of evidence

 

Question 9Identify the fallacy: Reasoning from a sample that is not representative (typical) of the population from which it is drawn

 

Question 10Identify the fallacy: Erroneously accusing others of fallacious reasoning