04 Aug What happened to tadpoles when exposed to carbaryl

1. What happened to tadpoles when exposed to carbaryl? What had to be added to make it extra toxic?
2. What is glyphosate used for? Why is it different to spray glyphosate with a surfactant instead of alone?
3. What is a Roundup Ready crop and how did this technology increase the use of Roundup?
4. What is an outdoor mesocosm and why is it helpful?
5. What is a top down vs bottom up effect? Explain this in relationship to the predictions of Relyea’s amphibian mesocosm experiment.
6. How does glyphosate affect amphibians? Explain this graph in particular as it is the main finding from the paper
7. (Link for 7-9) https://e360.yale.edu/features/bee-alert-is-a-controversial-herbicide-harming-honeybees)What effect could glyphosate have on bees? Make sure to include all the specific ways detailed throughout the article.
8. Why are gut bacteria important for bees?
9. Think about this quote from Bayer’s Head of Communications… Utz Klages says they “have determined that glyphosate is safe when used as directed”. How would you potentially respond to this comment based on what we learned in this lecture. Do you think glyphosate is always used as directed?
10. (This answer must be at least 200 words)Looking at the press release versus the figures from the actual paper, discuss how the press release is different in style than a scientific paper. Who do you think is the audience for the press release? What would you say differently? Do you think writing this made Dr. Relyea an “advocate” for his science? Does this make him lose credibility? Why or why not?
11. What are POPs and why are they so dangerous? Include information on the dirty dozen.
12. Summarize the heron case study in your own words. Including dates, what was the timeline of events of the paper mill and heron colony, and what ultimately happened?
13. “I have often wondered if the evidence for wildlife alone would have been sufficient cause for the pulp and paper industry to have spent any money…” (p32). Explain what the author means here. What other evidence was needed?
14. Based on the video linked in the lecture, what were all the ways PCBs were used?
15. Explain what happened in the case study in the Hudson River with General Electric.
16. Explain the difference between a study of exposure and effects. Relate to both studies from the BC pulp mill and the Hudson River.
17. (Link for 17- 21 https://www.epa.gov/international-cooperation/persistent-organic-pollutants-global-issue-global-response#pops
    Persistent Organic Pollutants: a global issue, a global perspective) How do POPs get into humans and who is most at risk?
18. How do POPs get into the Arctic food webs? Why should we care?
19. Explain the case study of POPs in the Great Lakes
20. What is the Stockholm Convention and what is their stance on POPs?
21. What has the US done to regulate POPs nationally and internationally?
22. I’m curious about your feedback and analysis of this video. What are your thoughts/reactions to the content in this video? Besides just discussing the content, also think about the message and visual images of the video. Do you think this could be a biased representation of the issues? What messages worked well and what didn’t? I always enjoy hearing from non-science majors about this because many of you are much more trained in the art of filmmaking than I am!(https://www.hudsonriverstories.com/pcbs-toxic-lega…)